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ماما چبڑ

ماما چبڑ

اک ہوندا اے ماما چبڑ، اوہنے واہی لئی دو بلد رکھے ہوندے نیں۔ اک دن اوہدے بلد کھل کے راجے دے کھیتاں وچ چلے جاندے نیں تے راجہ اوہناں نوں پھڑ کے بنھ لیندا اے۔ جدوں مامے چبڑ نوں پتہ لگا تاں اوہ اپنے بلد لین گھروں راجے ول ٹردا اے۔

ٹرے جاندے نوں رستے وچ اوہنوں اک شیر ملدا اے۔ شیر اوہدے کولوں پچھدا اے کہ ماما کتھے چلے او؟ اوہ آکھدا اے کہ راجے میرے بلد بنھ لے نیں۔ میں اوہ لین جا رہیا آں۔ شیر اوس نوں آکھدا اے کہ مینوں وی اپنے نال لے چل۔ ماما اوس نوں آکھدا اے کہ میرے کن وچ وڑھ جا۔ شیر مامے دے کن وچ وڑھ جاندا اے۔ ماما جدوں تھوڑا جیہا ہور آگانہہ جاندا اے۔ تاں اوس نوں اک بھونڈ ملدا اے۔ اوہ اوس کولوں پچھدا اے کہ ماما کتھے چلے او؟ ماما اوس نوں شیر والا جواب دیندا اے۔ بھونڈ اوس نوں نال لے جاون دا آکھدا اے ماما اوہنوں وی اپنے کن وچ واڑھ لیندا اے تے راجے دے محل ول سفر شروع کر دیندا اے۔ سفر کردے ہوئے اوس دریا پار کرنا ہوندا اے۔ دریا پچھدا اے کہ ماما کتھے چلے او؟ ماما پہلے والا جواب دیندا اے؟ دریا نال جاون دا آکھدا اے تے ماما اوس نوں اپنے کن اندر واڑھ کے راجے دے محل اپڑ جاندا اے۔

راجے نوں جدوں پتہ لگا کہ ماما اپنے بلد لین آیا اے تاں اوہ اوس نوں بکریاں والے واڑے وچ بند کر دیندا اے۔ رات نوں ماما اپنے کن وچوں شیر نوں کڈھ دا اے جو راجے دیاں ساریاں بکریاں کھا جاندا اے۔ اگلے دن راجہ مامے نوں مرغیاں دے کھڈے وچ بند کر دیندا اے۔ ماما اپنے کن وچوں بھونڈ نوں کڈھ...

Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices among Mothers in Lahore, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Inadequate child feeding practices lead to malnutrition, higher under-five mortality rates and adverse effects on quality of life. This study aimed to assess the breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices of mothers as well as the influence of various sociodemographic factors on them in local families of Lahore. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. It was conducted in CMH (Combined Military Hospital), Lahore in 2018. It comprises a sample of 203 mothers with children of at least two years of age, from various urban areas of Lahore. The subjects were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria. Mothers with psychiatric illnesses and children with congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Mothers were approached in the paediatric outpatient departments of four tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Responses were recorded using a modified version of the Action Contre La Faim (ACF) questionnaire. Independent sample t-test and chi-square test were applied for analysis of the data. Results: Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour from birth was observed in 83.3% children. Most children were administered colostrum (69.5%). The rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months was 45.3%.  A child was being breastfed 8.21 ± 6.67 (mean ± SD) times a day. Maternal educational status, total number of adults in a household, and access to free healthcare were identified as important factors influencing the practice of breastfeeding. Porridge, khichdi, eggs, fruit and yoghurt were the most frequently used complementary foods. Conclusions: A high rate of an early start of breastfeeding and a low rate of exclusive breastfeeding for at least six months were predominant in our population. Administration of colostrum was observed in approximately two-thirds of the study participants. Education of the mother, type of the family system (nuclear or combined), and access to free healthcare strongly influence the breastfeeding practices.

Intelligent Image Watermarking Using Genetic Programming

Multimedia applications are becoming increasingly significant in modern world. The mushroom growth of multimedia data of these applications, particularly over the web has increased the demand for protection of copyright. Digital watermarking is much more acceptable as a solution to the problem of copyright protection and authentication of multimedia data while working in a networked environment. In this thesis a DWT based watermarking scheme is proposed. Wavelet transform is used because it has a number of advantages over other transforms, such as DCT. · It has multi-resolution hierarchical characteristics, and lower resolution embedding and detection which are computationally inexpensive. · The presentation of the image because of the hierarchical multi-resolution properties of the transformation is well-suited for applications where the multimedia data is transmitted regularly, as such in the application of video systems, or applications in real time. · Wavelet transform is closer to HVS contrast to DCT. For this reason, the range of artifacts introduced by wavelet is less infuriating as compared to DCT. For better imperceptibility, the watermarking technique should support a vision model which integrates various masking effects of the Human Visual System (HVS), to embed watermark in an invisible manner. For HVS we have used Watson’s Perceptual Model of JPEG2000. The basic aim of perceptual coding is, to conceal the watermark below the detection threshold. This can be obtained by making use of the HVS and JND threshold. The watermarking technique based on this model resists all types of common signal processing operations and many geometric attacks but unfortunately was not resistant against rotation. Keeping in mind this we explored Morton scanning. Morton scanning is used to
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