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حد کا لغوی معنی

حد ایک کثیر المعنی لفظ ہے ۔ ماہرین لغت ، محدثین اور فقہائے کرام نے اس کے کئی معنی بیان کیے ہیں ، جیسا کہ مشہور لغت دان ابن فارس(م:395ھ) حد کی تعریف بیان کرتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں
"الحد: الحاء والدال أصلان: الأوّل المنع، والثاني طَرَف الشيء.فالحدّ: الحاجز بَيْنَ الشَّيئين. وفلان محدودٌ، إذا كان ممنوعاً. و"إنّه لَمُحارَفٌ محدود"،كأنه قد مُنِع الرِّزْقَ.ويقال للبوَّاب حَدّاد،لمنْعِه النَّاسَ من الدخول۔"1
"مادہ " حا اور دال " اس کی دو اصل ہیں پہلے کا معنی ہے روکنا اور دوسرے کا معنی ہے کسی شے کا کنارہ ، پس حد کا معنی ہے دو چیزوں کے درمیان آڑ ۔ جیسے کہا جاتا ہے کہ "وفلان محدودٌ "جب کہ اس شخص کو روک دیا گیا ۔ " إنّه لَمُحارَفٌ محدود "جیسا کہ وہ رزق سے روک دیا گیا ہے اور دروازے پر کھڑے ہونے والے کو حداد کہا جاتا ہے اس لیے کہ وہ لوگوں کو اندر آنے سے روکتا ہے۔ "
حد آڑ کے معنی میں بھی استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسا کہ ابن منظور افریقی (م:711ھ)نے بیان کیا ہے
"الحَدُّ الفصل بين الشيئين لئلا يختلط أَحدهما بالآخر أَو لئلا يتعدى أَحدهما على الآخر وجمعه حُدود وفصل ما بين كل شيئين حَدٌّ بينهما۔"2
"حد دو چیزوں کی درمیانی آڑ کو کہتے ہیں تاکہ دونوں آپس میں خلط ملط نہ ہو جائیں۔ یا ان دونوں میں سے ایک دوسری پر زیادتی نہ کرے اور حد کی جمع حدود ہے۔ دو چیزوں کی درمیانی آڑ ان کے لیے حد ہوتی ہے۔ "
لفظ حد بطور روکنا بھی لیا جاتا ہے، راغب ا صفہانی(م:502ھ) اس حوالے سے بیان کرتے ہیں
"الحد الحاجز بین الشیئین الذی یمنع اختلاط احدھمابالاخر۔"3
" حدسے مراد وہ شے ہے جو دو اشیا کو باہم ملنے سے روک دے۔ "
دو چیزوں کی درمیان آڑ کو حد کہتے ہیں ، جیسا...

فلاحی ریاست میں اقلیتوں کے حقوق کی پاسداری: ریاست مدینہ کے تناظر میں

Islam is religion of humanity that wants us to behave good to others and has nothing to negate the rights of others. Minorities also have their legal rights in a welfare society, which makes itself an examplary society. Islam is a religion that negates violence. The rights of minorities can be traced in islamic society by many saying of Holy Prophet ﷺ. Holy Prophet ﷺ always advised muslims to treat the minorities kindly. Whatever the deligation of minorities came, Prophet ﷺ hosted himself. In the same way, when a deligation came from Najran, Prophet ﷺ not only hosted but allowed them to worship in Masjid al Nabi according to their own religion. In the light of ordinance of Prophet ﷺ, even fourteen centuries have passed but minorities are being given their rights. According to the law and order of a welfare state, minorities must be given their rights. In this article, the rights of minorities in a welfare state are tried to discuss.

Impact of Organizational Support, Leadership and Personality on Work Outcomes: Moderating Role of Perceived Organizational Politics

The present study was aimed at investigating the moderating role of perceived organizational politics between perceived organizational support, transformational leadership and internal locus of control with their attitudinal and behavior work outcomes among university teachers in Pakistan. This study also explored the relationship of gender, job status, educational sector, educational level and geographic location with perceived organizational politics, perceived organizational support, transformational leadership, internal locus of control, affective organizational commitment, normative organizational commitment, in-role job performance (self-reported), organizational citizenship behavior toward individuals, organizational citizenship behavior toward organization, turnover intention and occupational stress among university teachers in Pakistan. This study was divided into three phases. First phase of this study was aimed at adapting the scales used in this study. It included tryout, expert opinion and committee approach. Second phase of the study was comprised of the pilot study. Finally, third phase of the current study was comprised of the main study to test all the proposed relationships among the variables of this study. Sample of the pilot study included 138 university teachers while main study included 450 university teachers from Islamabad (Capital), Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan provinces. Descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlational analysis, multiple regression analysis, t-test and one way ANOVA were computed to measure the proposed relationships in the study. Correlational analysis showed perceived organizational politics to have a significant relationship with perceived organizational support, transformational leadership, affective and normative organizational commitment, in-role job performance (self-reported), organizational citizenship behavior toward organization, turnover intention and occupational stress among university teachers in Pakistan. Perceived organizational support and transformational leadership were shown to have significant relationship with affective and normative organizational commitment, in-role job performance (self-reported), organizational citizenship behavior toward organization, turnover intention and occupational stress among university teachers in Pakistan. Moderation analysis showed perceived organization politics only moderated the relationship of perceived organizational support with affective organizational commitment and in-role job performance (self-reported) among university teachers in Pakistan. Perceived organizational politics moderated the relationship of transformational leadership with affective organizational commitment, in-role job performance (self-reported), turnover intention and occupational stress among university teachers in Pakistan. While, perceived organizational politics only moderated the relationship of internal locus of control with affective organizational commitment among university teachers in Pakistan. It is worth mentioning that usually perceived organizational politics was not found to moderate as predicted, while it moderated in only a few of the proposed relationships.. It is also worth mentioning that all the scales used in this study are self-report measures. Analysis for the relationship of gender, geographic location, job status, educational sector and educational qualification with the study variables, limitations, suggestions and implications of the study are also discussed in detail. Suggestions for future research endeavors and implications of the current study for university teachers in Pakistan have also been discussed.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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