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جو اُجلا تن نہیں تو کیا ، میں اُجلا من تو رکھتا ہوں

جو اُجلا تن نہیں تو کیا میں اُجلا من تو رکھتا ہوں
میں تشنہ لب ہوں آنکھوں میں مگر ساون تو رکھتا ہوں

اگرچہ تیرگی ہی تیرگی ہے چار سُو میرے
میں ایسی تیرگی میں بھی دلِ روشن تو رکھتا ہوں

مرے دامن میں رنج و غم کی ہے اشکوں کی دولت ہے
مجھے مت جانیے مفلس کہ ایسا دھن تو رکھتا ہوں

میں بستا شہر میںہوں پھر بھی صحرا سے مجھے نسبت
نہیں میں قیس تو کیا ہے میں پاگل پن تو رکھتا ہوں

میں اُن کو دل میں رکھتا ہوں جو تائبؔ دور رہتے ہیں
اگرچہ بے ہنر ہوں پھر بھی اتنا فن تو رکھتا ہوں

Frequency and Psychosocial Determinants of Gender Discrimination Regarding Food Distribution among Families

Due to male dominance in society as well as in households, the rights of females are ignored. Hence, there exists gender discrimination while giving food to family members which in turn results in poor health status for females. Therefore, it is important to explore the causes of this unequal distribution of food among family members Objective: To determine psychosocial factors causing gender discrimination regarding food distribution among families Methods: Data collected from fifty females aged 15-80 years, selected from the urban community using non-probability consecutive sampling, were used for analysis. Females with malnutrition, psychological disorders, with laparotomy and major surgery were excluded. Gender discrimination was assessed as males or male children were preferred for better and more food items like fresh food, meat, fruits, milk, dairy products and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to see the impact selected factors on gender discrimination Results: The large family size (> 6 members) showed significantly higher odds of discrimination (OR=3.89; 95% CI= 1.03-15.26) than smaller families. The odds of food discrimination were 4 times more for the families, with males being earning hand (OR=4.57; 95% CI= 1.19-18.31). Similarly, there exist higher odds of gender discrimination in low-income families (OR=5.10; 95% CI= 1.18-23.87). While maternal education reduces the chances of food discrimination (OR=0.10; 95% CI= 0.02-0.42)  Conclusions: Psychosocial factors such as large family size, low monthly income, males being earning hand and maternal education were found to be associated with gender discrimination regarding food distribution among family members.

Watermarking of Medical Images for Content Authentication and Copyright Protection

Due to development of latest technologies in the areas of communication and computer networks, present businesses are moving to the digital world for effectiveness, convenience and security. One of the examples is in the area of medical applications, where traditional diagnosis is being replaced by e-diagnosis. This paradigm gave birth to number of applications in healthcare industry like teleconsulting, telesurgery and telediagnosis. All these applications require the exchange of medical images in digital format from one geographical location to another throughout the globe via a cheap and fast network such as Internet. However, digital form of medical image can easily be manipulated through image processing softwares. Insurance companies, hospitals as well as patients might want to modify the medical images for a number of reasons. The tampered images may be used for illegal purposes. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate how to protect a medical images, detect tampered images and recover the original image using the technique of Digital Watermarking. Watermarking tech- nology can be categorized into robust, fragile and semi-fragile watermarking, each serving for different purposes. In order to facilitate sharing and remote handling of medical images, we propose techniques to solve the problem of copyright protection and content authentication using robust and fragile watermarking respectively. In the first part of this dissertation, we design a fragile watermarking system for the exact authentication of medical images. The proposed system authenticates the computed tomography (CT) scan medical images of thorax area against different distortions. The system first enhances the embedding capacity of a CT scan image by isolating the actual lung parenchyma unlike classical watermarking techniques, which use logical square or ellipse for isolating region of interest (ROI). Secondly it embeds watermark only in region of non interest (RONI), thus not compromising the diagnosis value of medical image. The method utilizes the spatial domain watermarking and least significant bit (LSB) replacement method for embedding the watermark. Experimental results reveal that the proposed system detects both legitimate and illegitimate distortions. Robust watermarks are well suited for copyright protection because they stay intact with the image under various manipulations. In the second part of the dissertation, we investigate an approach of robust watermarking for protection of medical images which ensures the security of medical images against geomet- rical distortions. In the proposed method we firstly normalize the medical image using image moments in order to make it invariant against geometric transformations. Secondly, we select the salient regions in the normalized image based on feature points detected by Harris corner detector. Watermarking is performed in Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain of salient regions by adapting block based embedding. The scheme is completely blind, that it does not require the original image to detect the watermark. We thus address the issue of tolerating affine transformations in medical images that is hardly be found in existing schemes of medical image watermarking. In third part of the dissertation, we investigate the complete reversible watermarking system. The proposed method uses integer wavelet transform and companding technique which can embed and recover the secret information as well as can restore the image to its pristine state. The method takes advantage of block based watermarking and iterative optimization of threshold for companding, which avoids histogram pre and post-processing. Consequently, it reduces the associated overhead usually required in most of the reversible watermarking techniques. As a result, it keeps the distortion small between the marked and the original images. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing reversible data hiding schemes reported in the literature.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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