حضرت خدیجہ
خدیجۃ الکبریٰؓ کی شادیاں : حضرت خدیجہ ؓکے والد خویلد عرب کے مشہور تاجر تھے ۔ قریش میں نامور تھے ان کی وفات کے بعد خدیجہؓ نے ان کے تجارتی کاروبا ر کو سنبھالا دیا اور اسے وسعت دی ۔ عفت و پاک دامنی کے سبب خدیجہ طاہرہ کے لقب سے جانی پہچانی جاتی تھیں ۔ ان کی پہلی شادی عتیق بن عائذ مخزومی سے ہوئی ‘ ان میں سے دو اولادیں ہوئیں ۔ ایک لڑکا عبداللہ بن عتیق اور ایک لڑکی ہند بنت عتیق ۔ خدیجہ کے شوہر عتیق کا انتقال ہوا ۔ اس کے بعد خدیجہ کی دوسری شادی ابو ہالہ بن زرارہ تمیمی سے ہوئی ۔ ان سے ہالہ ‘ طاہراور ہند پیدا ہوئے ‘ یہ تینوں بھائی صحابی تھے ۔ ( رحمۃ اللعالمین ۔۱۴۴۔ ۲ ) وہ مزید لکھتے ہیں کہ بعض سیرت نگاروں نے خدیجہ کا پہلا نکاح ابو ہالہ بن زرارہ سے ہوا تھا ‘ لکھا ہے ‘ اس بات میں مورخین کا اختلاف ہے ۔ ’’ قتادہ ‘‘ نے عتیق کا پہلا نکاح بتایا ہے اور جرجانی نے ابو ہالہ کا ۔ صاحب الاسیتعاب نے بھی جرجانی کے قول کو صحیح کہا ہے ۔ میں (سلمان) نے قتادہ کے قول؛ کو اس لیے پسند کیا ہے کہ صاحب الا ستیعاب نے ہند کو ربیب رسول اللہ لکھا ہے اور یہ تب ہی ہو سکتا ہے کہ ابو ہالہ کے بعد نبی مکرم ﷺ کا نکاح ہوا ہو ( حوالہ بالا )
دونوں شوہروں کا انتقال ہوا ‘ بعد ازاں قریش کے سرداروں نے انہیں نکاح کرنے کے پیغامات بھیجے مگر خدیجہؓ نے سب پیغامات ٹھکرا دیئے لیکن آپ کے پیغام کو بہ دل و جان قبول کیا۔ نکاح کے پیغام کو قبول کرنے کی وجہ ابن اسحاق یوں بیان کرتے ہیں جو خود خدیجہؓ کے الفاظ میں یہ...
Mystical letters are among the miracles of Quran. These mystical letters are present at the start of Quranic Surah’s (Chapters). These are among the mutashabihat (Analogies) of Quran. Muslim scholars tried to define their meanings. Like other aspects of Quran and Hadith orientalists talk about mystical letters of the Quran. This article analyses the theories of Noldeke and Otto Loth regarding mysterious letters of Quran. What are their views about mystical letters of the Quran? Are their views according to the Islamic point of view of mystical letters? What are the deviations and differences as compared to traditional Islamic point of view of mystical letters? This research has been analytical by nature, both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented. Analyses of the views of both of the scholars in the light of traditional Islamic concept of mystical letters, shows that Orientalists including Noldeke and Otto Loth thought that mystical letters are not the part of revelation. According to them these are the names of the sources from which different chapters of the Quran had been taken during its compilation. These are on the same pattern as mystical letters are present in the Jewish books. Holy Prophet had copied them. The present study argues that Quran being the book of Lord is unchanged and mystical letters are a part of it. It is further highlighted that even some orientalists argue that the opinion of Noldeke and Otto Loth is not correct.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the levels of anxiety, depression, and meaning of life and degree of religiosity in clinical and non-clinical groups. The clinical group (n=250) comprised individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD and the non-clinical group (n=250) consisted of those who were not suffering from any psychological disorder. The groups were compared in terms of their degrees of religiosity and meaning of life. The sample (N=500) was purposive, comprising equal number of males and females, ranging in age from 18 to 45 years (M=29.86, SD=8.10) and with educational level of graduation (14 years of schooling) or higher than that, which was taken from hospitals and other areas of Peshawar. It was hypothesized that the clinical group would have lower degrees of religiosity and meaning of life than the non-clinical group and that females would have higher degrees of religiosity and meaning of life as compared to males. The respondents’ degree of religiosity was determined by their scores obtained through the Index of Religiosity (IR). Their meaning of life was assessed through Life Regard Index-R (LRI-R). IPAT Anxiety Scale and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) were used to measure the levels of anxiety and depression respectively. The data was statistically analyzed by using t-test, Pearson product-moment correlation and stepwise regression. The results show that the non-clinical group had a significantly higher level of religiosity (t = 10.616, p = .000, d = .95) and meaning of life (t = 31.84, p = .000,d = 2.85) than the clinical group. Religiosity was found to be significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.50) and depression (r = -.49). Similarly meaning of life was also significantly (p <.01) negatively correlated with anxiety (r = -.86) and depression (r = -.71). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that meaning of life is the strongest negative predictor of both anxiety and depression. The females had a significantly higher level of religiosity than males (t = 3.991, p = .000, d = .31). The females scored higher on IPAT Anxiety scale and BDI-II but lower on LRI-R as compared to males. The gender differences were low and non-significant with small effect sizes in anxiety (t = 1.430, p = .153, d = 0.13), depression (t = .518, p = .605,d = 0.04) and meaning of life (t = .663, p = .508, d = 0.06). The main hypotheses were supported by the study. It is concluded that individuals suffering from GAD, OCD and MDD experience lower levels of religiosity and meaning of life and females live through more religious lives. Females are only marginally more anxious and depressed than males and the males demonstrate slightly higher level of meaning of life than females. The study has implications for clinicians and general public.