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شیخ انس یاسین

شیخ انس یٰسین
دوسرا حادثہ سعودی عرب کے سابق ہندوستانی سفیر شیخ انس یٰسین کی وفات کا ہے، ابھی وہ جوان تھے، لیکن تدبر و معاملہ فہمی میں تجربہ کار بوڑھوں سے کم نہ تھے، وہ مختلف اوقات میں مختلف ملکوں کی سفارت پر رہے، آج کل ٹرکی میں سفیر تھے، وہیں کار کے حادثہ میں وفات پائی، ان میں اپنے مذہب و ملت کا بڑا درد تھا، ہندوستان کے اسلامی اداروں سے ان کو خاص دلچسپی تھی، اپنی سفارت کے زمانہ میں متعدد اداروں کو دیکھا اور ان کی مدد بھی کی، دارالمصنفین کے بھی محسن تھے، یہاں آنے کا وعدہ بھی کیا تھا، مگر ایسے موقع پیش آتے رہے کہ آنا نہ ہوسکا، دو سال ہوئے دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے مدرسہ ثانویہ کی عمارت کا سنگ بنیاد رکھنے کے لئے لکھنو آئے تھے تو ان سے ملاقات ہوئی تھی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی،اگست ۱۹۷۴ء)

Christian-Muslim Theological Dialogue: The Case of Catholic Universities of East Africa

Christians and Muslims interact on a daily basis but as far as their beliefs and practices are concerned, there is a general mutual apprehension, suspicion, stereotyping, mistrust, insulting and even physical confrontations. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to examine how Catholic universities in East Africa can help Christian students and others to rethink their attitudes towards Muslims in view of the official teaching of the Church. The findings from the reviewed formal Christian and Muslim statements show that theological dialogue is valid and necessary for fostering peaceful relations. It therefore urges Catholic universities and other learning institutions to assist students to know more about their own religious traditions and those of others through formal theological training, seminars and provision of reading materials in order to participate effectively in this kind of dialogue.

Preparation and Characterization of Anodized Metal Oxide Films

A low-cost experimental setup for electrochemical anodization and electropolishing of metals was designed, which is capable to control experimental variables, like voltage, time, temperature, and stirring rate. The nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide and titanium oxide films were prepared on commercially purealuminium (99.593 wt.%) and titanium (99.618 wt.%) substrates by using 0.3M oxalic acid and 2% HF aqueous solution as electrolytes, respectively. The effects of formation parameters, namely anodization voltage (10 to 55 V), electrolyte temperature (-10 to 30 oC), and anodization time (5 – 40 min), on the kinetics of ions movement inside anodization chamber in terms of total current passed, average current density, total charge transferred, film thickness, and growth rate, was measured and analyzed. It was also revealed that the thickness of anodic oxide film calculated by Faraday‟s Law (0.2 – 6 µm) was far less than that measured by SEM (21 – 131 µm). The surface morphology of anodic oxide films was studied by SEM. Various structural parameters, like pore diameter (20 – 120 nm), interpore distance (70 – 165 nm), pore circularity (0.74 – 0.90), pore density (42 – 570 µm-2 ), and porosity (5 – 51 %), were determined by using software ImageJ. Values of these parameters were examined as a function of anodization temperature, voltage and time. The activation energy of the rate process of anodization was determined from the Arrhenius plot of current density for both aluminium (0.182 eV) and titanium (0.476 eV). The observations are in good agreement with those reported in the literature for expensive high-purity aluminium and titanium. A detailed structural investigation of the metallic substrates was done using their XRD patterns with the help of Harris‟s analysis and Williamson – Hall analysis. XRD studies of the aluminum substrate shows that (220) and (311) are the preferentially oriented crystallographic planes. The intensity of diffraction peak pertaining to preferentially oriented crystallographic plane (311) is decreased whereas FWHM is increased on anodization; the extent of variation depends on the values of anodizing parameters, i.e. temperature, voltage, and time. The values of crystallite size D and lattice strain ε in the substrate are also changed on anodization. Both D and ε vary with the change. in a given anodizing parameter in an identical manner. However, in the case of titanium substrate (002) and (103) are the preferentially oriented crystallographic planes. The intensity of diffraction peak pertaining to preferentially oriented crystallographic plane (103) is increased whereas FWHM is decreased on anodization; the extent of variation depends on the values of anodizing parameters, i.e. temperature, voltage, and time.
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