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جھوٹ دی سزا

جھوٹ دی سزا

اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ کسے پنڈ وچ اک چغل خور رہندا سی۔ پنڈ والے اوس دی ایس عادت توں تنگ سن۔ چغلی کرنا اوہدی عادت بن گئی سی تے ایس وجہ توں اوہدی بہت سارے لوکاں نال لڑائی وی ہوئی اوہ روٹی پانی تے چھڈ سکدا سی پر چغلی چھڈنا اوہدے لئی بہت اوکھا سی۔ لوک اوہدیاں گلاں اتے یقین نئیں سن کردے پر فیر وی اوہ اپنی چرب زبانی نال لوکاں نوں اپنے پچھے لاہ لیندا تے لوکاں وچکار لڑائی کروا دیندا۔ اک دن اوس جھوٹ بول کے دو بھراواں دی لڑائی کروا دتی تے مڑ اصلیت سامنے آون تے سارے پنڈ نے رَل کے اوس نوں کٹیا تے پنڈوں کڈھ دتا۔

ہن اوہ رہن لئی دوجے پنڈ اپڑیا تے رہن لئی کرائے دا مکان لیا۔ کیوں جے ایس پنڈ والے اوس دی عادت توں واقف نئیں سی ایس لئی اوس نے فیصلہ کیتا کہ اوہ ہن کسے دی چغلی نئیں کرے گا تے شریف بن کے رہے گا۔ روٹی کماون لئی اوس نے کئی لوکاں نال نوکری کرن دی گل کیتی۔ اوس نوں پتہ لگا کہ وڈے زمیندار نوں نوکر دی لوڑ اے۔ اوہ نوکری لئی اوہدے کول گیا تے نوکری دی منگ کیتی۔ کیوں جے زمیندار نوں نوکر دی لوڑ سی ایس لئی اوس اوہدے کول پچھیا کہ دس کنی تنخواہ لویں گا۔ اوس جواب دتا کہ روٹی، کپڑا تے چھ مہینیاں بعد اک چغلی تے اک جھوٹ۔

زمیندار نوں اک چغلی تے اک جھوٹ دی سمجھ نہ آئی پر فیر وی اوس نے اوہنوں نوکری دے دتی۔ سارے کم اوس نوں سمجھا دتے۔ ہن چغل خور روز کھیتاں ول جاندا۔ اپنا کم بہت محنت کردا تے شام نوں گھر آ کے گھر دے کم وی کردا۔ زمیندار اوس دے...

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The Psychodynamics of his Rise and Fall by Shamim Ahmad

Of all the leaders who came to rule Pakistan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto has been only second to the Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in terms of receiving attention from authors of different types—biographers, journalists, researchers, and professional historians. While many prime ministers of the country have remained in oblivion even though some of them deserved to be studied seriously given their contribution to the country’s political development, Bhutto was regularly made the subject of studies both within the country and abroad. A number of Ph.D theses have been done on him and his rule. The number of books written by various authors expressing different shades of opinion are simply uncountable. Being the founder of the nation, Jinnah was treated by and large, over an extended period of the country’s history, and by a majority of writers, as a national hero whose role in history was highlighted in the manner in which the nationalist historians write about the national heroes. It was much later that Pakistani historians took to writing more professionally about the Father of the Nation. Quite interestingly, the Jinnah that emerged from these objective histories proved to be a more original and powerful historical figure as compared with his previous representation as a straightjacketed national hero. As compared to him, Bhutto became the subject of objective historical works right from the beginning. Of course, there have been books of hagiography written in his honor, but these are mainly from the pen of people belonging to his own political party or the ones who were overly inspired by his charisma. Then there are numerous books written by his diehard opponents, who leave no stone unturned in demolishing his image. Despite the diverse writings about him, ranging from one extreme to another, it is good, from the point of view of historical political writings on Pakistan, that with the

Impact of Low Cost Teaching Material on Creativity, Achievement and Attitude Towards Chemistry at Secondary Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

This study aimed to investigate the Impact of low Cost Teaching Material on Creativity, Achievement and Attitude towards Chemistry at Secondary level in Khyber. A related purpose was to investigate the gender differences in creativity, achievement and attitude towards Chemistry. The research strategy adopted in this study was mixed methods; both quantitative and qualitative research methods were utilized. As triangulation are the key characteristics of mixed method. Therefore, triangulation was in this research as well. To assess creativity of the students a test of creativity was developed. The test was comprised of five components, i.e. sensibility to problem, fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration & redefinition. The reliability of the creativity test of science (Chemistry) was established using the test - retest method. The test-retest took 25 days. The test-retest reliability coefficient was found to be 0.87. Achievement test was prepared according to the style of routine exam of the schools / colleges. The objective of this particular study is to investigate the impact of teaching science through low cost materials on students’ achievement. Therefore, on the bases of cognitive domains, (Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis and Evaluation) of Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational objectives the researcher developed achievement tests (pre-tests and post-test) from the contents and activities of 12 grad of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Textbook of Chemistry. There were 29 items and every item had four options. The test was shown to practicing teachers in 15 schools and their comments were sought. And necessary changes were made in the questions and test as a whole. The test was also piloted to 80 students and item analysis was carried out. Similarly, a modified versiob of Test of Science-Related Attitude (TOSRA) was used to measure students’ attitude towards chemistry. The test was purely constructed on Likert scale to measure the students’ attitude towards chemistry on the factors such as Behavior tendency to learn chemistry, Liking for chemistry laborastory work , Liking for chemistry theory lesson , Evaluation belief about chemistry, Leisure interest in science andEnjoyment of chemistry .Besides these tests two interviews (one for teachers and one for students) were also conducted for data collection. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for selection of students for interviews. The selection of the students was non-random. The researcher selected nine students for structured interview. Three students from high achiever group three students from average and three from lower achieving groups. The selection was on the bases of achievement in their creativity test, pre-test and post-test and on the researcher observation Likert check list. There were some threats (extraneous variables) which could affect the experimental study. The researcher controlled these threats, because any uncontrolled extraneous variable could affect the performance on the depending variable to the validity of an experiment.During pilot study the researcher came to know that what type of internal and external validity could be controlled. On the bases of threats the researcher selected an institution and sample where all the threats were controlled. The most important internal threats were mortality, instrumentation, testing and differential selection of participants faced during pilot study. Due to mortality, the reduction in the number of participants occurred over time as individuals dropped out for different reasons. 26 out of 80 participants dropped out. The researcher, in broad study, overcame the mortality of groups by obtaining demographic information about the participants before the start of the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using t-test through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Similarly qualitative data from interviews was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques. Main findings of the study indicated that students in experimental group, taught through activity with low cost materials, showed significantly greater creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry than the students in control group. This study further showed that female students, both in experimental and control groups, outperformed their male counterparts. This shows that teaching through activities with low cost material produced better results in the terms of creativity, achievement and attitude towards chemistry.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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