Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

پروفیسر سید احتشام حسین

پروفیسر سید احتشام حسین
پروفیسر سید احتشام حسین صدر شعبۂ اردو الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی کی ناگہانی وفات علمی و ادبی دنیا کا بڑا سانحہ ہے، مرحوم اس دور کے چوٹی کے ادیبوں اور نقادوں میں تھے، ترقی پسند ادب کے تو معلم و رہنما تھے، اس دور کے نوجوان ادیبوں کی پوری نسل ان سے متاثر ہوئی، جدید ادب کے ساتھ قدیم ادبیات پر بھی ان کی نظر بڑی گہری، اور مبصرانہ تھی، اور وہ اس کی اچھی روایات کے بھی قدرشناس تھے، لسانیات سے بھی واقف تھے، انھوں نے سیکڑوں ادبی و تنقیدی مضامین اور بعض مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، اگرچہ وہ ترقی پسندوں کے امام تھے لیکن ان کے خیالات میں بڑا اعتدال و توازن اور زبان و قلم دونوں میں بڑی شایستگی تھی، اس لئے جدید کے ساتھ قدیم طبقہ میں بھی ان کی بڑی قدر تھی، وہ ابتداء میں لکھنؤ یونیورسٹی کے شعبۂ اردو کے لکچر مقرر ہوئے اور تقریباً ۱۵- ۱۶ سال اس عہدہ پر رہے، پھر الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی اردو کے صدر ہوگئے تھے، اردو کی تمام اہم مجالس کے ممتاز رکن تھے، کوئی اہم ادبی اجتماع ان کے بغیر کامیاب نہ سمجھا جاتا تھا، انھوں نے مختلف حیثیتوں سے اردو کی بڑی قیمتی خدمات انجام دیں اور ہر محاذ پر اردو کے مخالفین کا مقابلہ کیا۔
ان علمی کمالات کے ساتھ وہ طبعاً بڑے متین، سنجیدہ، شریف اور وضعدار تھے، ان کے علم سے زیادہ ان کے اخلاق و شرافت کا اثر پڑتا تھا، دارالمصنفین سے ان کو دہرا تعلق تھا، ایک علمی و ادبی دوسرا وطنی، ماہل ضلع اعظم گڑھ ان کا وطن تھا، ہائی اسکول تک ان کی تعلیم بھی اعظم گڑھ میں ہوئی تھی، اسی زمانہ سے ان کو دارالمصنفین سے تعلق تھا، جو ہر زمانہ میں یکساں قائم رہا، جب تک وہ لکھنؤ میں رہے، اکثر ان...

Is History a Threat? (Comment)

Erick Hobsbawm (d.2012) was a Marxist historian, a professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he taught till the end of his life. Birkbeck is an evening college where most of the students belong to the working class and continue with studies to improve their educational qualifications. Conscious of the condition of students who attended his lectures after a hard day of physical labour, he devised lectures on the history of Europe to create emancipatory thought. His four books use history as a tool to comprehend present-day Europe. They are titled The Age of Capital, The Age of Industrial Revolution, The Age of Revolution and The Age of Extreme. Besides these four books, he has published a number of papers and essays that attempt to build a new historical consciousness. There are other progressive historians besides Hobsbawm who believe that history can be liberating if it is not written in the service of the rulers of the time. It is also not a static and depressing account of the past but is dynamic and constantly changing. While history tells the story of unjust rulers and the institutions they created, it also reveals how the rulers and their unjust institutions meet their end. The reign of absolute kingship where the king was considered the Viceregal God, brutal military dictatorships, and exploitative economic systems that lasted for centuries with the aim of torturing and subduing the common working people were all destroyed over time, especially when people joined forces and resisted them to gradually establish a just order.

Trade Policy Reforms, Export-Import Demand and Economic Growth Analysis With Reference to Pakistan 1981-2010

Reforms in trade policy in favor of trade liberalization Pakistan began most properly since mid of eighties. We, in this study intend to understand that how the reforms in trade policy did may affect the trade flows and economic growth of Pakistan. For the purpose, estimated export-import demand as well as Thirlwall’s model of economic growth and has assorted the thesis in total eight chapters. The empirical exercise are executed, adopting various econometric techniques includes least square method, rolling regression, ARDL and model of error correction, with the annual data of 1981 to 2010 drawn from different national and international databases. Extended trade models are developed to investigate for trade liberalization effects on exports, imports demand and to provide more reliable estimates of the price and income elasticities. We found that trade flows show different responses to the basic trade determinants and trade liberalization measures. In particular, imports are more responsive to the changes in domestic income rather than exports to the foreign income. The trade flows and exchange rates are negatively related. Both exports and imports are less responsive to the changes in real effective exchange rate or relative prices. Given that both price elasticities add more than unit, so their coefficient estimates in absolute form indicates that Pakistan satisfy ML-condition at aggregate level. Different dummies and duties ratios are used to weigh up for the impact of trade policy reforms in favor of liberalization. Among, duties ratio produces robust results and are consistent with expected negative sign. The exports and imports duties reduction have significantly changed the demand for Pg- 4 - exports and imports, with the larger impact on import demand. Furthermore, relatively liberalization of year 2003 has found more significant than year of 1991. The dummies show that the freer the trade, the higher the demand for export and imports. Finally, Thirlwall’s Law has tested for Pakistan economy using the annual data for whole sample and then sub periods. The law can be used to analyze whether economic growth constrained by the trade balance. According to the results, economic growth is constrained by the trade balance and the process of trade liberalization shows a trend increase in the rate of income elasticity for Pakistan’s import demand greater than increase in export growth. Thus, the trade liberalization impact on Pakistan’s economic growth can be esteemed as disappointing. In conclusion, the study finding is beyond than previous and has an important suggestion for the progression and extent of trade liberalization.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.