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۲۲۔ غم کی بارشیں
غم کی بارشیں
اس سے پہلے کہ میری آنکھوں کوتیرے غم کی بارش بھگوتی
میری روح بھیگ چکی تھی
سانسوں میں دندانے اور جگر چھلنی تھا
تم نے مجھے اس اذیت سے آشنا کرایا
جسے ابھی میری جاں سہنے کے قابل نہ تھی
غم کی بارشیں کہاں روز ہوتی ہیں
مجھے تو بس ان گلاب کی پتیوں کی خبر تھی
جو تیرییادوں کی گور پہ ڈال آیا تھا
اگر ہو سکے خدا سے سفارش کر دینا
Assessing and Evaluating Ḥadith its Value, Significance, Authority and Authenticity in Islamic Thought
Qur’an and Ḥadith as fundamental and primary sources of Shariah stand as hall mark of Islam. Ḥadith called traditions as the second fundamental source of Islam embodies sayings, actions and expressions of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) explicit or implicit. Mainly there have been two trends of rejecting the status of Ḥadith. One is rejecting the authority of Ḥadith and other rejects the authenticity of Ḥadith especially “Khabar-al-wahid” or solitary tradition. Other group does not completely reject the authority of Ḥadith rather text of Ḥadith especially in case of weak traditions. This paper discuss the opinion of rejecters of Ḥadith and contribution of Muslim scholars along with their arguments from Qur’an and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to highlight the importance and significance of authority and authenticity of Ḥadith in all disciplines of Islamic thought.Development of Synbiotic Beverage Through Co-Culture Fermentation of Oat and Barley
The objective of the present study was to isolate Bifidobacterium longum from infant faeces and elucidate its probiotic potential cereals based synbiotic beverage. B. longum BL-05 was isolated, characterized and encapsulated by using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and pectin (PE) as wall materials. Five bead formulations were prepared E1) 100% WPC, E2) 75% WPC + 25% PE, E3) 50% WPC + 50% PE, E4) 75% WPC + 25% PE and E5) 100% PE. The encapsulation was carried out by using extrusion method. The survival and viability of free and encapsulated B. longum was assessed through their resistance to Simulated Gastric Juice (SGJ), tolerance to bile salt, release profile in Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) and storage stability during 28 days at 4oC. The microencapsulation provided better protection to B. longum BL-05 and encapsulated cells exhibited significant (p<0.05) resistance to SGJ and SIF as compared to free cells. E3 and E4 beads indicated more resistance to SGJ (at pH 2 for 2 h) and bile salts solution (2%) but comparatively slow release as compared to other bead formulations. Free cells lost their viability and exhibited sensitivity to gastrointestinal conditions whereas the viable cell count was > 6 log CFU/mL in all the encapsulated treatments. Additionally, free cells were not viable when stored at 4oC but microencapsulated cells revealed promising results during 28 days of storage at 4oC. Encapsulation efficiency, yield, size and textural properties (hardness, cohesiveness, springiness) of beads significantly increased as pectin proportion and total polymer concentration increased. SEM results revealed that E4 and E5 microbeads surface was more smooth and without visible wrinkles/shrinkage as compared to rest of bead formulations. On the basis of higher encapsulation efficiency and survival of B. longum BL-05, beads prepared with 75% WPC and 25% PE were selected for the development of oat and barley based synbiotic beverage with the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum as a co-culture. Significant variation was observed in physicochemical and microbiological analyses among treatments during 28 days of storage. Storage studies revealed a decreasing trend for pH, total soluble solids (TSS), vitamin C, water holding capacity (WHC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, viable cell count and sugars (glucose, fructose, maltose) while increasing trend was observed in acidity and organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid). On the basis of overall acceptability, beverage developed with 50% oat and 50% barley were assigned highest scores by the panelists. The results established that extrusion using WPC and PE as encapsulating materials could be considered as one of the auspicious encapsulating materials for effective delivery of probiotics in food system. Combination of wall material showed a important strategy to improve the survival and viability of probiotics. Morover, utilization of oat and barley as prebiotics further enlightened the concept of synbiotic cereal base food products in the market.Journals by Discipline
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