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شرح خواندگی اور معاشی خوشحالی

شرح خواندگی اور معاشی خوشحالی
پڑھو گے، لکھو گے بنو گے نواب
جو کھیلو گے، کُودو گے، ہو گے خراب
خواندن مصدر ہے اور اس کے معنی ومفہوم پڑھنے کے بارے میں ہے۔ اور معاشی خوشحالی سے مراد یہ ہے کہ انسان معاشی لحاظ سے خوش حال ہو، ان کا اٹھنا بیٹھنا، کھانا پینا، سفروحضر ایک معیاری قسم کا ہو، ان کے رہن سہن، چال ڈھال میں ایک پر مسرّت اور خوشحال انسان کی جھلک نمایاں ہو۔ معاشی طور پر خوشحال انسان ہی اپنے بارے، اپنی اولادکے بارے میں، اپنے خویش و اقارب کے بارے میں، اپنے احباب کے بارے میں مثبت سوچ کا حامل ہوسکتا ہے، اور اس معاشی خوشحالی کے لیے ایک انسان کا رشتہ تعلیم سے استوار ہونا انتہائی ناگزیر ہے۔
تعلیم انسان کو ایک عظیم انسان بناتی ہے، ایک صاحب شعور فرد بناتی ہے ،تعلیم سے روشنی میسر آتی ہے، علم ایک ایسا نور اور روشنی ہے جس سے جہالت کے اندھیرے دور ہوتے ہیں، انسان کے دل و دماغ عرفان وآگہی کے نور سے منور ہوتے ہیں ،علم ہی کی بدولت انسان حق و باطل اور خیر وشر میں فرق کرنا سیکھتا ہے۔ علم ہی کی بدولت انسان کی خوابیدہ صلاحیتیں بیدار ہوتی ہیں اورعلم ہی کی وجہ سے انسان کے رہن سہن اور طرزِ زندگی میں تہذیب وشائستگی پیدا ہوتی ہے۔ اس میں تعصب اور تنگ نظری کی بجائے فراخ دلی اور رواداری ، خودغرضی کی بجائے ایثار، غرور ونخوت کی بجائے عجز و انکسار ، حرص اور لالچ کی بجائے صبر و قناعت ، حسد اور نفرت کی بجائے محبت اور اخوت جیسے اوصاف پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔
تعلیم ہی کے ذریعے مرصعّ انسان ہی معاشی خوشحالی کا ضامن ہوتا ہے، اگر کسان پڑھا لکھا ہوگا تو اس کی کھیتی بھی زیادہ ہوگی ، اس کی فصل میں اضافہ...

ضوابط قبول التفرد في رواية الحديث دراسة مع أمثلة من تطبيقات النقاد

Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith means reporting by only a single narrator at some stage of the Isnad. This is not necessary that any Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith should be weak (Da’if), because the narrator of such  Hadith may make mistake in reporting and may be right. The authenticity of such Hadith rather depends on other factors such as: The reliability of the narrator of Strange Hadith. The earlier stage of the Isnad where Tafarrud (Strangeness) is founded. Close relation of the narrator with the teacher (sheikh). Acceptance of Strange Hadith by renowned authorities in Hadeeth. Another narrator authenticating the first narrator’s account of the strange hadith. Therefore Tafarrud  (Strangeness) of a Hadith should be studied in the light of these factors that determines acceptability. This paper studies Tafarrud (Strangeness) of a Hadith in the light of these factors.

Variability Among Ralstonia Solanacearum Isolates and Screening of Chili Germplasm for Resistance

Chili (Capsicum annuum) belongs to family solanaceae and is one of the most common cultivated crops of the world. Chili has been cultivated on 63.6 thousand hectares in Pakistan with a production of 147.2 thousand tons in 2012-13.Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a highly challenging and destructive disease of solanaceous crops. R. solanacearum is a soil and water borne bacterium which enters the plant roots, multiplies through the xylem, and collapses the host. The bacterial wilt infects more than 450 plant species belonging to 54 different botanical families. Major hosts include tomato, hot pepper, sweet pepper and potato. Eighty countries are affected with a loss of $ 1 billion each year. As the information regarding distribution of bacterial wilt in different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan, pathogenic variability among different isolates, genetic diversity of the bacterium and response of different chili cultivars towards the pathogen is lacking therefore the present studies were carried out. Major chili growing areas from different agro-ecological zones were surveyed for the determination of incidence, prevalence, biovars identification, pathogenic variability and genetic diversity of different isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum. Chili germplasm comprising 28 varieties was screened for their relative resistance or susceptibility against the highly virulent strain (RsBd 6) of the bacterium in the glasshouse. The maximum incidence of 22% of bacterial wilt was recorded in district Badin while the incidence was the minimum (4.4%) in district Loralai. The disease incidence was found to be the maximum (19.5%) in Indus delta and was the minimum in Western dry mountains (5%). Maximum incidence was observed in Sindh province followed by Punjab (11.4%) and was the minimum in Baluchistan (4.9%). The xxi overall incidence in the country was 9.95%. The prevalence was found to be the maximum in Sindh (100%) followed by Punjab (84%) with an overall prevalence of 75.8% in the country. A total of 114 isolates of R. solanacearum from eight agro-ecological zones were isolated, confirmed by immunoStrips and characterized by employing different biochemical tests. The biovars were identified on the basis of sugar consumption. Of the 114 isolates, 92 were distinguished as biovar 3 while 22 were recognized as biovar 4. Both the biovar 3 and biovar 4 were diagnosed from Sindh and Punjab while only biovar 3 was distinguished from Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. The isolates varied in pathogenicity when tested on highly susceptible cv. California wonder; 21.9% isolates were found highly virulent, 29.8% virulent, 25.4% weakly virulent and 22.8% were avirulent. The isolates were then confirmed through PCR by using specific primers and running on 1% agarose gel visualized under UV light. The screening of chili germplasm against the bacterium revealed that two cultivars viz. Skyline II and Hifly were highly resistant. Sanam was the only cultivar which was identified as resistant. Five cultivars were categorized as moderately resistant. The cultivars Maxi and Talhari were found highly susceptible to the pathogen while rest of the varieties was either susceptible or moderately susceptible. It is concluded that bacterial wilt caused by R.solanacearum is prevalent throughout the country in all the agroecological zones with varying intensities warranting stringent surveillance and control measures. As variations have been observed in the virulence of R. solanacearum isolates, management strategies should be followed accordingly. Resistant and moderately resistant cultivars have been identified, therefore, recommended for cultivation.
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