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مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ

مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ

 

مراتب علی اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر

 

                تغیر و تبدل انسانی زندگی کا خاصہ ہے اور تخلیقِ آدم سے ہی شاید یہ سلسلہ شروع ہو گیا تھا۔اگر مختلف تہذیبوں کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیاجائے تو یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ تہذیبوں کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان وادب بھی متاثر ہوتا رہا اور اس میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہیں۔یہ ایک مسلمہ حقیقت ہے کہ ادب معاشرے کو متاثر کرتا ہے اور معاشرہ ادب پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ اُردو زبان بھی ابتدائی دور میں فارسی ادب سے زیادہ متاثر ہوئی۔ اُردو کی ابتدائی شاعری کے مطالعہ سے پتا چلتا ہے کہ ہمارے شعراء نے بھی وہی گل وبلبل کے قصے اور محبوب کی بے وفائی کو شاعری کا موضوع بنایا۔ اگرچہ مرزا مظہر علی خاں کو بعض ناقدین اُردو شاعری کی کثافت کو کم کرنے کا معمارِ اوّل سمجھتے ہیں اور میرتقی میرؔ نے بھی یہ دعویٰ کیا تھا۔

                اِس بات پر تمام ناقدین متفق ہیں کہ اُردو شاعری میں جدت کی بنیاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ نے رکھی۔ اگرچہ اِس سے پہلے نظیر اکبرآبادیؔ بھی شاعری کو اُمرا کی محفلوں سے نکال کر غرباء کے مساکن اور گلی محلوں تک لے آئے تھے۔ مگر حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں جنہوںنے اس بنیاد پر بہت بڑی عمارت کھڑی کردی۔ مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ اس حوالے سے ’’مجموعہ نظم حالی‘‘ میں جدید اردو شاعری میں فطرت نگاری، مقصدیت اور سادگی کو شاعری کا لازمہ قرار دیتے ہیں۔(۱)

                مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ سرسید کے رفقائے کار میں سے تھے اور سرسید احمد خان کے نظریات، فلسفہ اور اصلاحِ قوم کے...

The Influence of Thematic Learning Implementation on Student Motivation in Public Elementary School 002 Sungai Pinang Samarinda

Thematic learning is learning with a theme to combine several lessons so that it can provide a meaningful experience to students. This study aims to analyze the effect of the implementation of thematic learning on the learning motivation of grade V students at SDN 002 Sungai Pinang Dalam Samarinda in the 2019/2020 learning year. This type of research is ex post facto research, because there is no control over the independent variables. This study consists of two variables, namely the independent variable and one dependent variable. The independent variable is the implementation of thematic learning (X). The dependent variable is student learning motivation (Y). The population of this study were class V students of the 2019/2020 learning year at SDN 002 Sungai Pinang Dalam. The instrument used was a questionnaire. The data analysis techniques were data normality test, homogeneity test, data linearity test and simple linear regression test. Researchers also do not make arrangements or manipulate the independent variables. The results showed that there was a significant influence between the implementation of thematic learning on the learning motivation of grade V students at SDN 002 Sungai Pinang Dalam Samarinda for the 2019/2020 learning year with a moderate determination coefficient value of 0.50 or 50%. From the regression equation Y = 14.774 + 0.759X, it can be seen that the consistency value of the thematic learning implementation variable is 14.774 while the X regression coefficient is 0.759 which states that every 1% of thematic learning (X) implementation will increase student learning motivation by 0.759. The regression coefficient is positive, thus it can be said that the direction of the influence of the thematic learning implementation variable on student learning motivation is positive.

Numerical Simulations, Nonlinear Analysis and Control of Bio-Inspired Flows: A Step Towards Autonomous Vehicles

To propose e cient and better designs for small swimming and ying unmanned vehicles, understanding of the unsteady mechanisms to generate lift and thrust forces at low Reynolds numbers is of key importance. Fluid owing over these vehicles interact nonlinearly with the structure and carries great complexities. Recently, due to interest in biomimicking ying (micro-air vehicles) and swimming robots (underwater vehicles), industry has shown keen interest in production of these vehicles. To design e ective control of these vehicles, thorough understanding of its unsteady aerodynamics and underlying phenomena is required. In this study, we focus upon coupling the numerical simulations with the tools of nonlinear dynamics. We decompose this whole study into two parts; aerodynamics and hydrodynamics. In therst part, we investigate the bifurcations occurring in the ows over oscillating airfoils at low Reynolds numbers. Investigation of mechanism responsible for the generation of unsteady forces pose challenges due to wide spectrum of parameters that are involved in its dynamics. Both experimental and currently available numerical techniques require costly resources in terms of time and money. Considering this fact, we also develop nonlinear reduced-order models for unsteady aerodynamic forces produced by plunging, pitching, and apping airfoils. Observing similarity in the character of unsteady forces generated by pitching, and plunging airfoils, we propose an equivalence criteria to obtain the aerodynamic forces of same magnitude or order. We also demonstrate that de ection of the wake for large Strouhal numbers is a result of strong quadratic nonlinearity. With the lessons learnt from the nonlinear analysis/interaction of apping airfoils, we investigate the hydrodynamics ofsh swimming in the second part of this dissertation. We consider a singlesh and twosh in tandem performing traveling-wave like motion, known as undulation. In case of tandem con guration, we numerically simulate the ow while both sh undulate asynchronously. We quantify the drafting and inverse-drafting e ects using time-averaged drag coe cients. We also explain physical mechanisms which are responsible for hydrodynamic advantage/disadvantage to upstream and downstreamsh. To further enhance our understanding related to the instability mechanisms in the wakes of undulating bodies, we compute the symmetry/asymmetry of parent and combined modes. We apply the symmetry principles, already established for drag-producing wakes of blubodies, to the thrust-producing wakes of undulatingsh. We conclude that thrust producing wakes also follow the same symmetry principles. This research addresses the coupling of techniques/tools of nonlinear mechanics with computational uid dynamics to explore important features of complex ows around oscillating and undualating bodies.
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