Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

غم کو بھول جائیں دوستا

غم کو بھول جائیں دوستا
آ دو کش لگائیں دوستا

آج سازِ درد چھیڑ پھر
غم کا گیت گائیں دوستا

تیرے بعد سب یہ رونقیں
اب نہ دل لبھائیں دوستا

تو گیا تو اپنا حال دل
کس کو ہم سنائیں دوستا

گل کھلے ہیں تیرے بعد کب؟
کب چلیں ہوائیں دوستا

Kipling’s Depiction of the Great Game Between British India and Czarist Russia

This article provides valuable information about the living conditions of Muslims of the Pak-Afghan Region in the context of revisiting Rudyard Kipling’s view of the Great Game of the 19th century between Great Britain and Russia that roughly continued for about a century beginning in the second decade of the 19th century to the signing of the Anglo Russian convention in 1907. In this respect his famous novel, Kim (1901) has been critically examined to establish the political content of his creative work. Coupled with the appreciation of the novel as a great work of art with its many facets and themes, views of Edward Said have been juxtaposed to arrive at a conclusion that the novel is also a celebration of imperialism. In today’s scenario in Central Asia particularly Afghanistan, a revisit of Kipling is an interesting revelation. The discussion also reveals the similarities of the tussle of two centuries back to the realities in the region today. This insight as we appreciate Kipling’s masterpiece novel proves even more eye-catching and real. This paper also examines Peter Hopkirk’s works on the Great Game to historically asses the dialectics of the imperial struggle between the two super powers of the time. In this connection, a brief discussion is available on the three Anglo-Afghan Wars as well as the conflict in Kashgharia. This article presents an overview of the view head by Russians on the conflict which they call Tournament of Shadows or Bolshya Igra involving spies and military personnel. A fresh look at Kipling’s works in general and his novel Kim, in particular, helps explore the very essentials of the working of Imperialism and empire-building, which is the main stay of this paper. A deeper look would understandably unfurl big powers rivalry in general, and the present day security situation in Asia in particular, by going through the works of a great writer; the first Englishman and the youngest recipient for Nobel Prize in Literature (1907).  

Developing a Sindhi Computational Resource Grammar in Lexical Functional Grammar Framework

Computational grammar development and deep linguistic analysis provides structural details for natural language understanding by machines. Modern multilingual information processing systems use these details for understanding and processing of information represented in different languages. While work in Sindhi language is focused in the areas like part of speech tagging and machine learning. Sindhi lacks resources like computational grammars and deep linguistic analysis systems. Development of such resources is open research area in computational linguistic and natural language processing domains. This work presents the development of Sindhi language morphology and grammar in Finite State Technology and Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) frameworks. The work includes the investigation and identification of morphology and syntax patterns in Sindhi language, development of Sindhi finite state lexicon by modeling of identified morphological patters in LEXC, development of Sindhi LFG by incorporating the finite state lexicon in XLE, and evaluation of developed morphological lexicon and LFG grammar. Various parts of speech of Sindhi language are investigated and their morphological patterns are identified. Nouns are marked by number, gender and case. Ten different cases of nouns are identified namely nominative, accusative, dative, participant, instrumental, locative, ablative, agentive, genitive and vocative. Adjectives are also declined like nouns. Pronouns are declined for number and gender and are marked by nominative, oblique and genitive cases. Generally, adverbs are not inflected but when adjectives used as adverbs they hold the inflectional properties of adjectives. Genitive iv postpositions are inflected and marked by number and gender. Conjunctions and interjections do not inflect. Verbs are most complex part of speech and classified into main, auxiliary, copula and modal verbs. Verbs are conjugated by number and gender and are marked by tense, aspect and mood. Morphological analysis of developed model shows that a verb can have up to 75 different morphological forms in Sindhi. Present, past and future tense patterns along with aspect and mood are analyzed. Aspect in Sindhi can either be perfective or imperfective (continuous and habitual) and can be marked morphologically or syntactically. Many alternative patterns of different aspects exist. Nine different mood patterns are identified including subjunctive, presumptive, imperative, declarative, permissive, prohibitive, capacitive, compulsive and suggestive. Pronominal suffixes in Sindhi may appear on nouns, postpositions and verbs. Pronominal suffixation can possibly cause subject and object pro-drop. Sindhi syntax is analyzed with LFG perspective. Different noun phrase constructions are implemented with coordination patterns including adjective phrases, postpositional phrases, participle phrases, and relative clauses. Genitive case marking patterns along with syntactic agreement are identified and modeled in LFG. Verbal subcategorization frames are defined for different grammatical functions including SUBJ (Subject), OBJ (Object), OBJ2 (Secondary Object), OBL (Oblique), COMP (Complement), XCOMP (Open Complement), and PREDLINK (Predicate link). Phrase and sentence level adjuncts (ADJUNCT) and open adjunct (XADJUNCT) patterns are also identified and implemented in LFG. The developed grammar is tested against two different test suites. First v test suite contains 617 handcrafted sentences in 10 different test files containing sentences with different syntactic features. Second test suite contains real time corpus of two text books of Sindhi class one with 258 sentences. Results show 98.05% and 96.5% parsing percentage of test suite 1 and test suite 2 respectively. Morphology coverage includes 862 stems of different POS classes with total of 10327 inflectional forms. The developed finite state morphology is tested and evaluated against the corpus of 9050 words in terms of coverage, ambiguity, precision, recall and f-measure (F1). The results show 97.8% precision, 96.08% recall and average ambiguity of 1.65 solutions per word with 91.1% coverage. Coverage of different morphological features include number, gender, case, tense, aspect and mood. Syntactic coverage includes nominal elements, coordination, subordination, agreement, verbal subcategorization, tense, aspect and mood. Research and development results include Sindhi part of speech tagset, roman script for Sindhi language, morphological lexicon and LFG grammar of Sindhi. As a side development, a corpus of about 4 million words is also developed. In absence of linguistic resources for Sindhi language, these developments will have signification impact on Sindhi language processing and further research in computational linguistics and related domains.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.