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روزینہ یاسمین تحقیق کے آئینے میں

روزینہ یاسمین نے شعبہ اردو یونیورسٹی آف سیالکوٹ کے زیر اہتمام ایم ایس اردو کا تحقیقی مقالہ ’’ ماخذ اور تحصیل ‘‘ کا تو ضیحی اشاریہ مرتب کیا ہے۔ اشاریہ سازی لائبریری کا سائنسی علم ہے۔ہندوستان میں اشاریہ سازی کی ابتداخدا بخش پٹنہ لائبریری سے ہوئی۔ محققین نے اشاراتی کتب اور فہارس کو قدر سے دیکھا۔ اشاریہ سازی اور فہارس سے وقت کی بچت ہوتی ہے اور محقق ان دیکھے سفر کی صو بت سے محفوظ رہتا ہے اور علوم و فنون کے سنگم رہبری کی نشاندہی کرتا ہے۔ وقت گزرنے کے ساتھ ساتھ ایسی کتب کی افادیت بڑھتی جائے گی اسے علم وادب کا دروازہ اور علوم وفنون کی کلید کہا جاتا ہے۔کلید کے بغیر علم وادب کا دروازہ نہیں کھلتا۔ مولفہ نے  اس اشاریہ کے ذریعے اردو شعرو ادب کی دنیا میں داخل ہونے والے نئے محققین کے لئے علمی در،وا کیا ہے۔انھوں نے علمی سمندر میں اضطراب پیدا کر نے کی شعوری کاوش کی ہے۔ روزینہ  اپنے مقالے میں رسائل وجرائد کی وضاحت کرتے ہوئے کہتی ہے’’ رسالہ ان مطبو عات کو کہتے ہیں جو وقفے سے بار بار شائع ہوتے ہیں۔ وہ ماہانہ ، دو ماہی ، سہہ ماہی ، ششمائی اور سالا نہ  بھی ہو سکتے ہیںجنھیں جریدہ بھی کہتے ہیں‘‘

اہل قلم کی ان رسائل و جرائد میں تخلیقات اورنگار شات شائع ہوئیں۔ شعر وادب اور دیگر علوم وفنو ن کی اشاعت میں رسائل وجرائد نے اہم کر دار ادا کیا۔ ا ن رسائل و جرائد کی افادیت اظہر من الشمس ہے ۔ان رسائل وجرائد نے جہا ں کھتارسس کا کام...

جدید مالیاتی ادارے اور تقسیم زکوۃ

One of the main features of the property that Islam does not allow the wealth is concentrated around few peoples; any group or class of society, but according to Islamic point of view money should be in circulation so that poor class of the society could enjoy this blessing from Almighty Allah. Zakat Distribution System is a system of fair procedure for this world by Islam; if it is implemented with true spirit of Islam it can end poverty from the society. Islam obligate rich people of the society to distribute Zakat from their wealth amongst poor people however Islam has ordered not to receiver Zakat more than their needs so that it could be distribute to other poor people of the society. Zakat is an important and has significance in Islam. Islamic law imposed the duty on the Islamic government to collect Zakat from the rich and distribute it to the poor of the society, which caused not only undermined the dignity of the poor. Islamic law imposed the duty on Islamic government to take steps of receiving Zakat. If the government imposed the proper procedures in current banks and other financial institutions to receive Zakat from the rich people of the society and distribute it amongst the poor of the society than it could help to get rid of poverty from the society and it also help for the stability of the economy of any Country?

Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Two Genetically Diverse Spring Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. Cultivars for Salt Tolerance

Hydroponic experiments were conducted to appraise variation in the salt tolerance potential of two wheat cultivars (salt tolerant, S-24 and moderately salt sensitive MH-97) at different growth stages. Salinity stress caused a marked reduction in plant biomass and grain yield of both wheat cultivars. However, cv. S-24 was superior to cv. MH-97 in maintaining higher plant biomass and grain yield under saline stress. Furthermore, salinity caused a significant variation in different physiological attributes measured at different growth stages. For example, salt stress caused a marked reduction in net photosynthetic and transpiration rate in both wheat cultivars but to a varying extent at different growth stages. Higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates were recorded at the boot stage than at other growth stages in both wheat cultivars. The response of other gas exchange attributes was also variable at different growth stages. Salt sensitive wheat cultivar MH-97 was more prone to salt-induced adverse effects on gas exchange attributes as compared to cv. S-24. Salt stress caused considerable reduction in different water relation attributes of wheat plants. A significant reduction in leaf water, osmotic and turgor potentials was recorded in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages. Maximal reduction in leaf water potential was recorded at the reproductive stage in both wheat cultivars. In contrast, maximal turgor potential was observed at the boot stage. Salt-induced adverse effects of salinity on different water relation attributes were more prominent in cv. MH-97 as compared to those in cv. S-24. The integrity of PS II was greatly perturbed in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages and this salt-induced damage to PS II was more in cv. MH-97. A significant alteration in different biochemical attributes was also observed in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages. For example, salt stress caused a substantial decrease in chlorophyll pigments, ascorbic acid, phenolics and tocopherols. In contrast, it increased the endogenous levels of ROS (H2O2), MDA, total soluble proteins, proline, glycine betaine and activities of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, POD, CAT, APX). These biochemical attributes exhibited significant salt-induced variation at different growth stages in both wheat cultivars. For example, maximum accumulation of glycine betaine and proline was recorded at the early growth stages (vegetative and boot). However, cv. S-24 showed higher accumulation of these two organic osmolytes and this could be the reason for maintenance of higher turgor than that of cv. MH-97 under stress conditions. The activities of various enzymatic antioxidants increased markedly in both wheat cultivars, particularly at the vegetative stage. However, cv. S-24 exhibited consistent increase in the activities of various enzymatic antioxidants, whereas, this phenomena occurred erratically in cv. MH-97 at different growth stages. Salt stress significantly increased the endogenous levels of toxic ions (Na+and Cl-) and decreased essential cations (K+ and Ca2+) in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages. Furthermore, K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios decreased markedly due to salt stress in both wheat cultivars at different growth stages and this salt-induced reduction was more prominent in cv. MH-97. Moreover, higher K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios were recorded at early growth stages in both wheat cultivars. It can be inferred from the results that wheat plants are more prone to adverse effects of salinity stress at early growth stages than that at the reproductive stage.
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