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مولانا اکبر شاہ خاں نجیب آبادی

مولانا اکبر شاہ خاں نجیب آبادی
ہماری مرثیہ خوانی ناتمام رہے گی اگراس موقع پر ہم نے ایک اورذات گرامی یعنی مولانا اکبر شاہ خاں نجیب آبادی کا ذکر نہ کیا۔مولانا ہندوستان کے مشہور مورخ تھے لیکن جدید طرز کے نہیں بلکہ قدیم طرز کے، وہ راسخ و مضبوط اسلامی عقیدت کی رہنمائی میں تاریخ کی قابل قدر خدمات انجام دینی چاہتے تھے۔ اُن کی تصنیفات ’آئینہ حقیقت نما‘، ’تاریخ اسلام‘، ’مقدمہ تاریخ ہند‘، ’نظامِ سلطنت‘،’حجۃ الاسلام‘،’فصل الخطاب‘ اور’معیار العلماء‘ وغیرہ یہ سب اُن کے مذہبی جوش و دینی عقیدت کی شاہد عدل ہیں۔مرحوم نہایت فقیرانہ زندگی بسرکرتے تھے۔ ان کا اثاثہ بیت صرف ایک عظیم الشان کتب خانہ تھا جس میں فارسی کی زیادہ اورعربی کی کم، تاریخ کی نادر قلمی کتابیں موجود ہیں۔ مرحوم انتہا درجہ کے خوددار اورغیور تھے، انھوں نے اپنی تمام عمر انتہائی افلاس وعسرت کے ساتھ ایک گوشہ گمنام میں گزاری اورکبھی گوارا نہ کیا کہ ارباب ثروت کے آستانہائے عظمت و غرور پر جبہ سائی کرکے علم کی متاع لازوال کو رسوا و ذلیل کریں حالانکہ اگر وہ چاہتے توامارت و ریاست کی دکان پر اپنے مذہبی تقدس اورعلم کی فاتحہ پڑھنے والوں کی طرح ہزاروں روپے ماہوار کماسکتے تھے۔آں مرحوم ہوبہو اسلامی اخلاق کامجسمہ تھے، نہایت متواضع، حلیم و بردبار، صاف باطن، مروت کیش، بزرگوں کاادب اورچھوٹوں پرشفقت کرنے والے۔
اپنے والدین کے اس درجہ اطاعت گزار اورفرمانبردار تھے کہ اس قدر علم و فضل کے باوجود اپنے تئیں والدین کاادنیٰ سے ادنیٰ خادم تصور کرتے تھے،عربی میں عُمَلَّس والدین کی اطاعت میں ضرب المثل ہے ۔کہاجاتا ہے ھواَبَرُّ من عُمَلَّسْ۔ ہماری رائے میں اگر عُمَلَّسْ کی بجائے مولانا کانام رکھ دیاجائے تو بالکل بجا درست ہے۔
افسوس ہے کہ نوماہ کی طویل علالت کے بعد ہماری بزمِ علم وفضل کایہ لعل شب چراغ بھی ۱۰/مئی ۱۹۳۸ء کوقیامت تک...

Technical Terms Used in General English Textbooks Across Disciplines

The study aimed to analyze lexical items underpinned in the textbooks used in the current teaching of ESP and GE. Using content analysis, a systematic evaluation of texts to examine nuances to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative data. This was such of importance, however, difficult to study due to issues of interest like in the study, frequency of lexical items in ESP, and GE textbooks. Results found 13,713 lexical items in Hospitality Management, 17,561 in Criminology, 4576 in Tourism, 7167 in Marine Engineering, and 512 in Information Technology. Furthermore, the overall percentage of ESP lexical items fell in Tier 2 (with multiple-meaning while the least was in Tier 3, specifically on context-specific vocabulary. It is the core of vocabulary learning to ensure English language teaching. It is its goal to help learners better understand language, allowing them to understand others as they want to express themselves as well. This applies not only in speaking but also in writing and reading. Wilkins (1972, p. 111-112) stated that without grammar very little understanding can be acquired and without vocabulary there can be no learning at all. Thus, even without good grammar, so long as you equipped with useful words and expression, one can still manage to communicate. Lewis (1993) argued that “lexis is the heart of language” and that it develops a better fluency and expression in English. He also added the significance to the learners of acquiring a more productive vocabulary knowledge, also, their eagerness to develop their own personal vocabulary strategies. Thus, a proposed bridge model program was recommended to highlight the study findings using the lexicons found from the different respective courses.

Some New Families of Continuous Distributions Generated from Burr Xii Logit

This thesis is based on six chapters. In these chapters five new families of distributions are introduced by using the Burr XII distribution. In Chapter 1, a brief introduction of the existing families of distribution, the objectives and organization of this thesis are presented. In Chapter 2, Generalized Burr G family of distributions is proposed by using the function of cdf − log[1 − G(x)]. In Chapter 3, Marshall-Olkin Burr G family of distributions is introduced by using odd Burr G family of distributions used as generator proposed by Alizadeh et al. (2017). In chapter 4, odd Burr G Poisson family of distribution is introduced by compounding odd Burr G family with zero truncated Poisson distribution. In Chapter 5, a new generalized Burr distribution based on the quantile function following the method given by Aljarrah et al. (2014). In Chapter 6, Kumaraswamy odd Burr G family of distributions is introduced using odd Burr G family as a generator. The mathematical properties of these families are obtained, such as asymptotes and shapes, infinite mixture representation of the densities of the families, rth moment, sth incomplete moment, moment generating function, mean deviations, reliability and stochastic ordering, two entropies, Renyi and Shannon entropies. The explicit expression of distribution ith order statistic is also obtained in terms of linear combination of baseline densities and probability weighted moments. Model parameters are estimated by using the maximum likelihood (ML) method for complete and censored samples. Special models are given for each family, their plots of density and hazard rate functions are displayed. One special model for each family is investigated in detail. Simulation studies are also carried out to assess the validity of ML estimates of the model discussed in detail. Application on real life data is done to check the performance of the proposed families.
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