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پروڈکشن کے نام پر جنسی استحصال

پروڈکشن ہاؤس کے نام پر جنسی استحصال

                یہ ناول نگار کا مشاہدہ ،تخلیق اور تحقیق ہے جو انھیں دوسروں سے نمایا ں کرتی ہے۔وہ بے باکی سے اپنامدعا بیان کرتے ہیں۔ناول نگار نے ظفر عالم کا ذکر کیا ہے کہانی میں جو کہ پروڈکشن ہاؤس چلاتے ہیں اور ان کی بیگم وہاں پہ ٹیچر ہیں۔وہ لڑکیوں کو پروڈکشن کے کام سکھاتی ہیں۔ضامن کی جب ان سے ملاقات ہوئی تو وہ اسی کشمکش میں تھا کہ وہ ضامن سے کیوں ملنا چاہتے ہیں۔پہلے ہی اس کے دل ودماغ میں ذیشان اور شیزہ کے حوالے سے سوالات کے انبار تھے۔ضامن نے ظفر عالم سے ملاقات کے بعد  اس کے نتائج بھی کچھ یوں نکالے:

’’مجھے یہ شخص پورے سسٹم کا مرکزی کردارمعلوم ہورہا تھااور اس کی بیوی جسے وہ ٹیچر بتارہاتھا۔میں اچھی طرح جانتا تھا یہ شوبز ڈیزاننگ انڈسٹری دوسرے لفظوں میں سیکس انڈسٹری ہوتی ہے‘‘ (25)

                یہ ایک معمہ تھا۔ضامن کیلئے وہ الجھتا جارہا تھا۔ناول نگار کی تحریر شعور زیست کے ساتھ ساتھ شعار زیست بھی دیتی ہے جو قاری میں ترفع پیدا کرنے کا موجب بنتی ہے۔بہر حال قاری کے دل ودماغ کو شعور تب ملنا شروع ہوا جب ضامن، ذیشا ن اور شیزہ دونوں کے ساتھ ایک فلیٹ پر رہنے آگیا۔وہ ایک عجیب قسم کا فلیٹ تھاکبھی دوست آتے، بہت چہل ہوتی ،کبھی بہت خاموشی ،کبھی رقص کی محفل ،کبھی انتہائی بیزاری محسوس ہوتی تھی اور سب سے بڑھ کر ضامن جو شیزہ کی محبت میں گرفتار ہو کر فیصلہ نہیں کر پارہا تھاکہ ہو کیا رہا ہے۔

                ناول نگار نے بے پردگی کی ایک ایسی فضا قائم کی ہے جو قاری کو سوچوں میں گم چھوڑ دیتی ہے۔وہ سوچتا رہتا ہے کہ کیا اخلاقیات...

MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) and COLLABORATIVE TEAMS

Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition related to the development of the brain that can lead to persistent challenges with socialization, restricted interests, and repeated behaviour. Diagnosis for ASD is used as a basis of DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder) produced by American Psychiatric Association. ASD is observed in children during early years of life and significantly affects an individual’s wellbeing. Autism has remained a mystery for many specialists and researchers  for years. Although the cause of autism is still unknown, a number of strategies have been developed that have helped so many people around the world to live independently. So far there are no authentic facts for ASD prevalence in Pakistan however the statistics is roughly calculated from South Asia that ASD might be as common in Pakistan as somewhere else around the world. In a country like Pakistan where Autism is still a new phenomenon especially in rural areas, we have very restricted qualified human resources to provide a reliable rehabilitation service for a child with ASD and their family. Apart from that due to inadequate awareness exposure, knowledge, and incompetency in diagnosis, these children go undiagnosed and are mishandled.

Computational Model-Based Dynamics of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Systems During Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is the main cause of liver infection and damage in the Humans. In response to HCV infection, the host immune system recruits multiple cell types, diverse variety of cytokine mediators and interacting signalling networks to neutralize the infection. The improper regulation of the host immune system may lead to chronic HCV infection. Quite often it is challenging to understand the both qualitative along with quantitative dynamics of this highly integrated system. To have a holistic view of this system, systems biology provides an efficient alternative modelling approach where large populations of interacting components of a system could be modelled and simulated. Integrating such models with knowledge from experimental virology and immunology further helps in order to analyse such highly multifaceted immune regulatory networks activated during response to HCV. Formal modelling approaches are employed here to present a simplified formalization of the highly dynamic HCV infection system, the replication cycle of the virus and the host immune responses at the cellular level. First, a Baseline model of the innate immune response system is designed which reflects the normal behaviour of the system, prior to any infection. The innate model includes TLR3/RIG1 mediated pathways, RNase L pathway, role of miR-122, interferons and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). The Baseline model is then extended to formulate infection models such as the Effective innate immune response model and Failed innate immune response model. These models comprise of the viral entities such as viral RNA, structural and non-structural proteins and their inhibitory effects. Abstract 2 In addition to innate immune response models, the distinct components of the adaptive immune response system are also modelled and presented as Effective adaptive immune response model and the Failed adaptive immune response model, these models depict the adaptive immune system behaviour during HCV clearance and chronic infection, respectively. The adaptive immune models include cellular responses such as Natural Killer cells, T-regulatory cells, CD4+ & CD8+ cells, B-cells, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages and several cytokine mediators. This is followed by, in silico experiments based on the targeted manipulation/interventions by immunomodulatory treatment of HCV infection, which comprises of PEGylated interferon-α (IFN-α) and ribavirin (RBV). Accordingly, a Treatment response model is generated revealing the NK cells, T regulatory cells, IL-10, IL-21, IL-12, IL-2 entities to be the most critical determinants of treatment response. More specific experiments are designed to compare and suggest potential immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions in combination with current standard of care therapy for HCV. The proposed interventions include IL-21 treatment, blocking of inhibitory receptors on T-cells such as Tim-3 and exogenous anti-IL-10 antibody treatment. The relative results showed that these treatments have differential effect on the expression levels of cellular and cytokines entities of the immune response. Notably, IL-21 enhances the expression of NK cells, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and CD4+ T cells and hence restore the host immune potential. Rene’ Thomas formalism was applied to build and analyse a Biological Regulatory Network (BRN) to further highlight the intrinsic regulations amongst the cellular and cytokine components of the HCV induced immune system identified in Abstract 3 the previous part of the study. The constructed qualitative network, comprises of NS5A protein of HCV, the Natural Killer (NK) and T regulatory (Tregs) cells along with cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12. From the network simulation it is observed that IL-12 is constitutively overexpressed during the pathogenic state which warrants for further experimental studies to elucidate its role in promoting chronic infection. In conclusion, we believe that the study attempted to reduce the noisy biological data and captures a holistic view of the regulations amongst HCV induced immune response systems. The described methodology can be easily reproduced and can be extended to other viral infections in a formal, automated and expressive manner.
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