Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

باب چہارم: معدنی وسائل کا مطالعہ

معدنیات کی اہمیت و افادیت

تعارف(Introduction)

معدنی کا لفظ معدن سے ماخوذ ہے۔ فیروز اللغات میں معدن کے لغوی معنی درج ذیل ہیں:

"کان-کھان- وہ جگہ زمین کھود کر دھاتیں۔ کوئلہ وغیرہ نکالیں۔ (جمع) معادن۔ "[1]

معدنیات کے لغوی معنی "وہ چیزیں جو کان سے نکلیں۔ دھات۔ فلّزات۔ "[2] ہیں۔

معدنیات کو اہم قدرتی وسیلہ کہا جاتا ہے۔ پاکستان معدنیا ت سے مالا مال ملک ہے اس لئے وطن عزیز میں معدنیا ت کے امور طے کرنے کے لئے معدنیات کی وزارت قائم کی گئی ہے۔ معدنیات میں سونا، چاندی، لوہا، تانبا اور نمک وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔ معدنیات کے ذخائر کسی بھی ملک کی ترقی و خوشحالی میں انتہائی مثبت کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔ مسلم ممالک میں معدنی ذخائر کی بھرمار ہے لیکن ملت اسلامیہ کا المیہ یہ ہے کہ یہ ممالک جدید سائنس و ٹیکنالوجی میں مغربی ممالک کے ہم پلہ نہ ہونے کےباعث اپنے معدنی ذخائر کے اخراج کے لئے ان کے زیر تسلط ہیں۔ جدید ٹیکنالوجی سے لیس ہونا ملت اسلامیہ کے لئے ایک چیلنج کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے۔

علم معدنیات (Mineralogy)

انسائیکلوپیڈیا آف بریٹانیکا میں علم معدنیات کی تعریف یوں بیان کی گئی ہے:

“Mineralogy: scientific discipline that is concerned with all aspects of minerals , including their physical properties , chemical composition, internal crystal structure , occurrence and distribution in nature , and their origins in terms of the physicochemical conditions of formation.”[3]

علم معدنیات سے مراد ایسا سائنسی علم ہے جس میں معدنیات کے بارے میں تمام پہلوؤں کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس میں معدنیات کےطبعی خواص، کیمیائی ساخت، اندرونی کرسٹل ڈھانچہ کی تشکیل وغیرہ کا احاطہ کیا جاتا ہے۔

انسائیکلوپیڈیڈک ڈکشنری آف...

Assessment of Blood Glucose and Calcium Concentrations Among healthy female volunteers Blood glucose & calcium in females

Abstract: Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia are associated with a number of complications including kidney damage, neurological damage, cardiovascular damage,  damage to the retina or damage to feet and legs,  lethargy, impaired mental functioning and irritability. The most abundant mineral in the body is calcium. Its abnormal levels also associated with multiple disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the blood glucose and calcium levels in healthy female volunteersMethods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 6 months, after obtaining the ethical approval from the The University of Lahore. A total number of 60 females were enrolled through consecutive sampling technique. Females of all age groups were included. All of the females had gone through routine history taking and lab investigations for the assessment of blood glucose an calcium concentrations. Results: In this study out 60 female participants, 33.3% were between ages of 15-30 years, 33.3% were between age of 31-50 years and remaining 33.3% were above 50 years old. All females of age group 15-30 years had normal glucose levels while single case of age group 15-30 years had abnormal calcium level. The results indicated that females of above age 50 years had low calcium and high glucose levels due to poor nutrition and less physical activity. Conclusions: The results of the current study showed that females with increasing age should intake food enriched in calcium and low glucose and adopt a physically active life style to manage normal blood glucose levels.

Toxic Effects of Commercially Available Fenvalerate Insecticide on Chick Embryo Development

Fenvalerate, a commercially available pyrethroid insecticide, was tested for embryo toxic effects in chick. Different aqueous concentrations of fenvalerate, (0.1 and 0.05 ?g/ml) were injected in albumin of eggs on seventh day of incubation. Recoveries were made at 14th and 20th day of incubation. At 14 and 20 days, morphological studies revealed concentration dependent adverse effects of the insecticide. The developmental effects were loss in weight, reduction in crown rump length and short beak while eyes development showed no observable effects. The present study indicates that fenvalerate, is potentially dangerous to avian development even at very low dose concentrations. It is quite apparent that this insecticide must be used with utmost care and according to well think out plan. Fertilizers e.g. fenvalerate are the important factor for improving soil fertility and crop production. Insects/pests cause serious damage to crops. A common practice to use insecticide/pesticides for the inhibition of these insect/pest populations while maintain the agro-ecosystem. These chemicals are quite dangerous to human health and also cause destruction of non-target species most importantly poultry species present in the ecosystem. The toxic effects of these insecticide e.g. fenvalerate sometimes cause the lethality and mostly cause the developmental disorder thereby presenting economic loss to the farmers. The well-defined concentration of fenvalerate insecticide and their use for the soil productivity is of great importance as it can affect the other species present in that ecosystem and in rural areas the domestic chicken. The economic loss is also associated with it since the abnormal growth of chicken can lead to lethality causing the loss to the chicken breeders and farmers. The highly toxic effects of fenvalerate on the non-targets organisms provides base for the more investigation on the effects of fenvalerate on other different non-target organisms such as fish and avian species. The statistical hypothesis of the present study was found significantly associated with respect to the parameters of morphological abnormalities in chicken (loss in weight, reduction in crown rump length and short beak).
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.