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Pandemic Impact on the Travels and Tourism Sector of Nepal

The travel and tours enterprise were badly affected due to pandemics. In the aftermath of high restrictions on human movement, travel-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted due to lockdown. Due to pandemic, highly impacted into earning-saving, lack of supportive working conditions, lower self-capacity, and lack of recovery budget and policies, the travel and tours-based entrepreneurs were highly impacted. The study reflected the impact of pandemics on travel and tours, major constraints, and a possible way forward to sustaining. The research explores what are the major existing practices of sustaining travel and tours entrepreneurs during pandemics, what factors can contribute to building bounce-back capacities of travel and tours entrepreneurs’ sustainability. Above forty-four, snowball-based sampling was done from major travel and tours entrepreneurs, Pokhara-Nepal. A structure-based open-ended questionnaire, key informant interviews, and in-person-based discussion were applied in the method of study. Used the content analysis along with a recap of the research question, undertake bracketing to identify biases, operationalize variables with develop a coding, and code the data with undertaking analysis while qualitative analysis, and multiple regression facilitated on quantitative analysis to finalize the discussion. The study reflects that self-saving, social support, state and financial institutions recovery support, social behavior and change communication, full vaccination practices, and self-accountable tourist behavior are highly expectable conditions to the sustainability of travel and torus entrepreneurship in the learning area. The study concludes that self-saving capacity can contribute to bounce-back capacity for every entrepreneur. Social support and socioeconomic recovery packages were also contributing to sustaining travel and tours in the study area. Self-saving condition and capacity is higher bounce back capacity compared to non-saved entrepreneurs in the study area. Social support, socioeconomic recovery practices, and recovery packages from state and financial institutions were not at the higher level as expected.

Durand Agreement: Implications for Pak-Afghan Relations.

This research focuses on the Durand Line dispute between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The study has been analysed through qualitative research and historiography with prime emphasis on exploring and consulting documents. A case study approach has been adopted. This study is aimed at unearthing hidden aspects of Durand Agreement and demarcation of this border. The research finds six main aspects. First, Durand Agreement has not expired rather it is a perpetual treaty with no time limit. Second, the whole border right from Chitral to the Iranian border has been demarcated, excep a small portion in Mohmand and Kurram Agencies. Third, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA have not been snatched from Afghanistan or merged with British India under Durand Treaty. Fourth, Afghanistan had gained maximum benefits from the accord. It has obtained Asmar, Shurton, Lalpura and Birmal areas. Fifth, the border has been pushed for about seventy miles towards Bajour and Dir as the result of the Nashagam treaty signed on April 9, 1895. Kabul also occupied Basghal valley in 1895 and been renamed it as Nooristan in violation of Durand Treaty. Sixth, the move for delimitation and demarcation of the Indo- Afghan border has been initiated by Afghanistan and not by the British. Seventh, under international law, a treaty establishing a boundary can’t be cancelled unilaterally.
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