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ارداس

ارداس
توحید فلک کی تفہیم کرتے ہوئے!
صحرا کے جلال کو تبسم تقسیم کرتے ہوئے!
خزاں کے سینے سے بہار نکال کر!
دشت بیاباں میں علی اصغرؑ مسکرا رہا ہے
تو رات والانجیل کی مثالیں یاد دلا رہا ہے
مدینہ و نجف کے زائروں میں!
سبز موسم کے حسین دائروں میں!
جنوں کی شرطوں میں باب وفا کی تفسیر کرتے ہوئے!
مزاج شمال کے دائروں میں!
انجیر کی گود میں زیتون کا چہرہ دکھا رہا ہے
تورات والانجیل کی مثالیں یاد دلا رہا ہے
تہذیب عشق کی بارگاہ میں!
سرخ موجوں کی روانی میں۔۔۔پیاس کی کہانی میں!
نصاب بیخودی کے یقینی زمانوں کی سبزہ گاہ میں!
ساحلوں پر بکھرے اثاثے کی داستاں سنارہا ہے
ابن حیدر۔۔۔ابن حیدر بن کے مسکرا رہا ہے
تورات والانجیل کی مثالیں یاد دلا رہا ہے
اے حسین ابن علی تجھ پر سلام
اے بنتِ حسینؑ و علی تجھ پر سلام

مشاكل اللغة العربية في نيجيريا

The Arabic language faces many hurdles in its expansion and progress in the non-Arab world internationally. This time our focus is the multi-lingual community Nigeria. Nigeria is a country of languages, where there are hordes of mother tongues (dialects) , an official language and then there is a religious language as well. It is very tough to focus on the Arabic language in this myriad of languages though; it enjoys a historic status and prestige there. A few reasons for this lack of focus on Arabic language Nigeria are as follow: 1. The British colonialism and its treacherous role to downplay the Arabic language. 2. To segregate Arabic from Muslim Ummah in Nigeria, the colonialists thus promoted English and French as official administrative languages. 3. Dearth of text books in Arabic at primary and secondary level. Moreover there are no well equipped language laboratories to develop Arabic in Nigeria. 4. The stranded economic state of the country. 5. The scarcity of Arabic press houses in Nigeria and lack of interest in the Arabic language by the general public. A few suggestions to promulgate and develop the Arabic language in Nigeria are as follow: a. Students’ attention needs to be drawn towards the Arabic language as a modern and rich language. For this all the available resources need to be exhausted. b. The Arabic language centres should be developed where proficient teachers should teach Arabic. The present faculty for Arabic should do refresher courses in Arabic to enhance their capabilities. c. The availability of Arabic text books to cater the various levels of the students is made possible. A committee should monitor the overall process and progress of Arabic language in Nigeria. d. The Nigerian government should play an active role in the development and progress of the Arabic language in Nigeria

Floristic and Ethnobotanical Enumeration of Thal Desert, Punjab, Pakistan

Thal Desert, Pakistan has unique flora with reference to xeric conditions. Like other desert ecosystems of the country, this desert has been ignored to document the plant biodiversity and its ethnobotanical uses. Keeping in view, the area was surveyed to record flora and ethnobotanical information during September, 2011 to August, 2014. A total of 248 species distributed across 166 genera and 38 families were identified during the survey period. Besides, Heliotropium pakistanicum, H.crispum var. angulosum and H. europaeum subsp. thaliensis are determined as addition to science, while Themeda triandra as new recorded for Pakistan. It inculdes one fern, 4 monocots and 33 dicots families were determined. The most dominating family was Poaceae that contributed 52 species (21.49%), followed by Fabaceae (34 spp., 13.05%) and Amaranthaceae & Asteraceae (17 spp., 7.02% each), Boraginaceae (11 spp., 4.5%), Brassicaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae (8 spp., 3.31% each), while, rest of the families contributed few number of species. The flora comprised on nine life span in which 122 species (46.74%) were herbaceous nature, followed by grasses (51 spp., 19.54%), trees (28 spp., 10.73%), shrubs (27 spp., 10.34), sedges (9 spp., 3.45%) and climbers (3.07%). With reference to ethnobotanical study, local inhabitants utilize native flora to fulfill their eight use needs such as folk medicine, fuel, fruits, vegetable, fodder/forage, ethno veterinary, soil binder and others. Most of the species were recognized as palatable by the herders and used as fodder (234 spp., 35.62%), followed by folk medicine (120 spp., 18.26%), fuel (108 spp., 16.44%), others (64 xiii spp., 9.74%), soil binder (48 spp., 7.31%), wild fruits (40 spp., 6.09%), vegetables (25 spp., 3.81%) and Ethno veterinary (18 spp., 2.74%). Compared to the medicinal literature, four species viz., Limeum indicum, Launaea residifolia, Farsetia jacquemontiiand Indigofera hochstetteripossessed novel medicinal uses not earlier reported in the literature. Besides, 76 species possessed new uses in addition to the medicinal records. Capparis decidua (Karenh), Moringa oleifera (Suhanjna), Prosopis cineraria (Jand), Salvadora oleoides (Pilu)and Ziziphus spinachristi (Jhar beri) were highly utilized species and ranked first amongst all species which fulfilled six major use categories. This comprehensive study will provide a useful starting point for further ecological and bioprospective research of the study area. The findings of this study will be helpful to foresters, rangeland managers, medicinal plant growers & collectors, economic botanists, ecologists, physiologists, breeders, etc.
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