Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

ہجر کے تین سال

لو آج تین سال بیت گئے
ان سالوں میں تمھاری مہک

مجھ میں ہر سُو رہی
کہ زندگی تمھاری تھی
بعد بھی تمھاری رہی

پر کیا تم جانتی ہو جاناں!
وقت کے اس بوجھ نے
جوانی میں ہی مجھے

برسوں پرانا کر دیا
کمزور بنا دیا، ضعیف کر دیا

پر میں جانتا ہوں کہ ابھی
مجھے اک لمبا انتظار کرنا ہے
ابھی اور سال بیتنے ہیں
ابھی اسی آگ میں جلنا ہے

پر میں اس بات سے ڈرتا ہوں جاناں!

کہ وقت کے اس بوجھ سے میں
اس قدر عمر رسیدہ ہو جاؤں
کہ دم ہی توڑ جاؤں

اور آخر پُرنم آنکھیں
رُکتی ہوئی سانسیں
شمار کرنے سے قاصر ہوں
اور یہ کہتی ہوں

لو آج وقت کے اندھیرے جیت گئے
لو آج ہم ہی بیت گئے

EFFECTS OF CRANIOCERVICAL FLEXION EXERCISES AND SCAPULAR STABILIZATION EXERCISES IN NECK PAIN AND FORWARD HEAD POSTURE AMONG FEMALES WEARING HEADSCARVES

Background: In neck related problems, limited cervical ranges are considered a major contributor leading to forward head posture and increased disability. Methodology: The study design was a randomized clinical trial. Total of 50 subjects were recruited that fulfilled the selection criteria. Subjects were divided into two groups. Craniocervical flexion exercises group A (n=25) and Scapular stabilization exercises group B (n=25). Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Neck Disability Index (ND1) were subjective while the goniometer and plumb line were used as objective modes of assessment. Baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment values were assessed by using SPSS 21. Results: Both groups showed improvement in plumb line values, forward head posture and cervical spine mobility. NPRS, and NDI score values after the 4-week exercise program showed significant results (p-value<0.05). Outcomes except for plumb line value and NDI score indicated statistically significant improvement in the Craniocervical flexion exercise group than the scapular stabilization exercise group (p-value<0.05). However, in NPRS no statistical difference (p-value>0.05) was found between the two groups. Conclusion: Only females were recruited. Further studies can correlate with spatiotemporal features. The idea and conceptual framework were original.

Securing Routing in Mobile Adhoc Networks Manets Form Insider Attackers Through Trust Management

Routing, having focal responsibility in MANET’s successful operation, are based on the assumption of nodes’ cooperation. However, this assumption exposes routing to various insider attackers. These attackers are the legal participants having privileged access to network when inducing attacks on routing. Furthermore, these insider attackers are either in the form of selfish nodes or malicious nodes. The motive of selfish node is saving its resources by not cooperating in routing activities whereas the purpose of malcious node is to attack the network. Therefore, providing security in routing against affirmed attackers has emerged a challenging issue in MANETs. In research community, trust management schemes are used to defend routing against insider attackers. The very focus of this research is to develop a trust management scheme for securing routing from insider attackers to launch blackhole and greyhole attacks. We proposed a trust management scheme, named as MT-SECURER (“Multi Factors Trust for Secure and Reliable Routing in MANETs”), for making routing secure against insider attackers (i.e., blackhole and greyhole attackers). This scheme develops trust from multiple factors, i.e., “node’s cooperation” from communication networks and “node’s relationship maturity” and “mutual friends” from social networks. Whereas for trust development, nodes’ personal observations along with neighbours’ recommendations are utilized. Neighbors’ recommendations, having a pivotal role in computation of trust, if hampered may entail in colossal attacks from dishonest trust recommenders such as “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion”. Therefore, mitigation of dishonest trust recommendations has emerged as a stimulating research issue in trust management systems. In order to cater these challenges associated with dishonest trust recommendations, a technique named “intelligently Selection of Trust Recommendations based on Dissimilarity factor (iSTRD)” has been devised. iSTRD exploits observer node’s personal experience in conjunction with majority vote of the recommenders for removing dishonest trust recommendations. For performance analysis, MT-SECURER is used with AODV and DSR routing protocols and detail simulations are performed in order to examine the proposed scheme’s effectiveness in presence of blackhole and greyhole attackers and nodes’ mobility. The experimental results show significant improvement in “detection rate”, “packet delivery ratio”, throughput and “normalized routing load” with slightly increased “average end-to-end delay” when compared to contemporary schemes. Furthermore, iSTRD successfully removes the trust recommendations of “low trustworthyrecommenders” aswellasdishonesttrustrecommendationsof“highlytrustworthy recommenders”. Its efficacy is evident from enhanced accuracy of “recognition rate”, “false rejection” and “false acceptance”. Moreover, experiential results depict that iSTRD has unprecedented performance compared to contemporary techniques in presence of “bad mouthing”, “ballot stuffing” and “random opinion” attacks.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.