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علامہ شبلی نعمانی

علامہ شبلی نعمانی تعمذہ اﷲ برحمۃ

(اکثر حضرات ہم سے علامہ مرحوم کے حالاتِ زندگی کے طالب ہیں، بہار اسٹوڈنٹس کانفرنس نے علامہ مرحوم پر سب سے بہتر مضمون نگار کے لیے انعام مقرر کیا، سوانح و حالات کے لیے اکثر اشخاص کے خطوط آتے ہیں، مطول لائف تو جب لکھی جائے گی، اس وقت اس مختصر رسالہ پر قناعت کرتے ہیں کہ منتظر احباب کو زحمت انتظار سے کسی قدر نجات مل سکے، اس مضمون سے پنجاب کے ان بعض اخبارات کی تحریروں کی تصیح بھی ہوجائے گی، جو حادثۂ وفات کی تقریب نے مولانا کے مرحوم کے سوانح زندگی کے متعلق انھوں نے لکھی تھیں)

          اسلام کا گہرا بادل ایک ہزار سال سے برابر ہندوستان کی اقلیم پر مصروف بارش ہے، کتنی بار بادل ابرنیساں بن کر برسا اور اس عجائب زار ہند کا دامن لعل و گہر سے بھرگیا لیکن ۱۸۵۷؁ء میں سارے ملک پر ایک خونی بادل نے تراوش کی، جس سے ہر جگہ تو خون برسا، لیکن کہیں کہیں خون کے قطروں کے بجائے سرخ یاقوت کے دانے برسے، جن میں سے ایک کو قدرت نے شبلی کے نام سے موسوم کیا۔

          ہندوستان کی سیر حاصل زمین نے علوم و فنون میں جو بالیدگی پیدا کی، اس کی تفصیل کا یہ موقع نہیں، تاہم مختلف دروں میں جو کلام و اسرارِ شریعت میں بحرِؔالعلوم اور شاہ ولی اﷲ، ادب و معانی میں قاضی عبدالمقتدر، ملک العلماء دولت آبادی، اور ملا محمود جونپوری، فلسفہ و منطق میں ملا نظام الدین اور ملا محب اﷲ بہاری، ادب و شاعری میں مسعود سعد سلمان، خسرو اور فیضی، تاریخ و خبر میں ضیا برنی، ابوالفضل اور آزاد بلگرامی کو پیدا کیا، لیکن اس کی آغوش کا آخری فرزند (شبلی) وہ تھا جو ملا محمود بھی...

اہل بدعت سے تحدیث و سماع کا حکم: علامہ احمد شاکر کی آراء کا اختصاصی مطالعہ

Allama Ahmad Shakir was a great researcher and has a good command on religious literatures and studies. In his era, he took a great place among the scholars as a specialist in hadith, Islamic jurisprudence, Quranic interpretation, history & principals of aforementioned Subjecta. Now, he is recognized as an authority on principalities of sciences of hadith and jurisprudence. He discussed in his books regarding Sciences of hadith about narrators of hadith which are called ahl e bid‘at and the status of their Ahad?th. Because, there is a huge conflict between many principalities in perspective of accepting their Ahad?th or rejecting them. In this article, based an analytical study, some of his major and innovent concepts and justified principals about ahl e bid‘at are discussed which he had presented in his books or shows his research methodologies in different books with a special study on al-musnad by Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal (r.a). The research shows his viewpoints regarding this kind of narrators that they are, with some conditions, acceptable and their Ahad?th are also should be narrated. Although, some ancient scholars do not allow with primarily conditions, which are described in this study along with their status & conditions.

Evaluation of Biocontrol Potential of Endophytic Species of Penicillium Against Root Rotting Fungi and Root Knot Nematode

Endophytes are either bacteria or fungi that reside in the tissues of the plant without causing any apparent symptoms. Some endophytic microorganism may promote growth of plants, help in uptake of nutrients and increase the ability to bear environmental stresses, like salinity, drought, and reduce biotic stresses. During our study, plants were collected from different localities in Karachi Pakistan, like Memon Goth, Kathor, Gadap, Gharo, Malir and University of Karachi campus from which endophytic Penicillium were isolated. Out of the eightysamples of the plant, 14isolates of endophytic Penicillium isolated, (root, stem and leaves) from wild plants (Achyranthus aspera, Atriplex stocksii, Euphorbia hirta, Chorchorus tridens) and cultivated plant (Solanum melongena, Lycopersicon esculentum, Helianthus annuus, Azadirachta indica, Abelmoschus esculentus, Momordica charantia) Species of Penicillium identified as P. asperum, P. lilacinum, P. purpurogenum, P. nigricans, P. rugulosum, P. restrictum, P. duclauxi, P. citrinum, P. thomii, P. lividum and P. javanicum. Identification of selected isolates of Penicillium was also confirmed by using molecular biology tools. Antimicrobial activity of 14 endophytic isolates of different species of Penicillium tested against common fungi (root rotting) viz., F. oxysporum,, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani by dual culture plate assay. All EP isolates showed significant resultproduced by the inhibition zone. Nematicidal potential of cell free culture filtrates of endophytic Penicillium also has shown significant results. After 24 hour 50%nematicidal potential showed by P.purpurogenum (EP-3) while after 48 hours all other isolates showed 100% mortality. Culture filterates of endophytic Penicillium causedgrowth suppression ofbacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Asconcentration increased biocontrol potential of culture filterates of EP increased as well. These outcomes show that endophytic Penicillium could be fullfil the need of discovering of new antibiotics. Culture filtrates of Penicillium also showed activity of fungicidal against root rotting fungal pathogens F.solani, R.solani, M.phaseolina, R.solani and F.oxysporum by making inhibitory zone. Cuture filterates of 60 µl/disc showed more effective results than 20 or 40 µl/disc. Fractionation of cell free culture filtrates of viable isolates of our Penicillium (EP), was made in solvents i.e chloroform and n-hexane and showed strong antibacterial and antifungal activity against above described pathogens. These results showed that secondry metabolites having compounds with strong antimicrobial potential. Secondary metabolites producing from endophytic Penicillium spp., offer an stimulating area of investigation for the encounter of novel antimicrobial compounds. Hexane fraction of mycelium of promising isolate EP-5 showed prescence of chemicals. In current research antagonistic potential of Penicillium was assessed against phytopathogens on sunflower (Helianthus annuus), chickpea (Cicer arietinum), tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum), mungbean (Vigna radiata) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in field and screen house experiments. Inhibitory affects on F.oxysporum, R.solani, F.solani, and M.phaseolina showed by many endophytic Penicillium which causes healthy plant growth by improving plant length, fresh shoot weights in both type of experiments (Screen house and field). In some experiment, polyphenol and antioxidant activity also showed significant result which might be due to resistance produced by endophytes. Endophytic Penicillium treated plants produced fruits which is better in quality as compared to control.Endophytic Penicillium associated with healthy plants is a source of new bioactive metabolites, which could be exploited in plant protection and also in medicine.
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