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مشتاق احمد انبیٹھوی

مشتاق احمد انبیٹھوی
اس موقع پرہمیں اپنی جماعت کے ایک اوربزرگ عالم مولانا مشتاق احمد صاحب انبیٹھویکی وفات حسرت آیات کابھی ماتم کرناہے، مولانا مرحوم ایک درویش گوشہ نشین اورعالم خلوت پسند تھے۔ انبیٹھ ضلع سہارنپور وطن تھا۔ وہاں کے مشہور خاندان شیوخ سے تعلق رکھتے تھے۔ درس نظامی کی تعلیم دہلی اور سہارنپور میں پائی تھی۔ آخر میں حدیث کادرس مولانا احمد علی صاحب محدث سہارنپوری سے لیا۔مطالعۂ کتب اور تصنیف وتالیف کاخاصا ذوق تھا۔ خود اپنا بڑا کتب خانہ رکھتے تھے۔مرحوم کی تصنیفات کی تعداد اکیاسی (۸۱)ہے۔اس فہرست میں ان کی مطبوعہ اورغیر مطبوعہ سب کتابیں اوررسالے شامل ہیں۔یہ تصنیفات اکثروبیشتر مذہبی مسائل،تاریخ و تذکرہ اورتصوف ومعرفت سے متعلق ہیں اورعربی، فارسی اور اردو تینوں زبانوں میں ہیں۔علم ظاہر کے ساتھ صاحب باطن اور صاحب سلوک و طریقت بھی تھے۔ معاشی اعتبار سے مرفہ الحال ہونے کے باوجود ورع واحتیاط ان کی زندگی کا طغراء امتیاز تھا۔کیسے ہی سخت بیمار ہوں جب تک انگریزی دواکے متعلق ان کو الکحل سے بالکل پاک وصاف ہونے کا یقین نہیں ہوتاتھا نہیں پیتے تھے۔پبلک زندگی سے ان کونفرت تھی۔ ایک گوشۂ تنہائی میں بیٹھے ہوئے تصنیف وتالیف،مطالعۂ کتب، ارشاد و ہدایت باطنی اور افتاء کی خدمت انجام دیتے رہتے تھے۔آج کل پرانی وضع قطع کے پابند جو بزرگ نظرآتے ہیں ان کو غنیمت جانناچاہیے۔کچھ عرصے بعدآنکھیں اس وضع کو دیکھنے کے لیے ترسا ہی کریں گی۔ افسوس کہ آں مرحوم نے ۱۴/فروری ۱۹۴۲ء کو شام کے چاربجے ۹۴ سال کی عمر میں وفات پائی۔حق تعالیٰ مرحوم کوغریق بحرِ رحمت کرے اور مراتب اخروی بڑھائے۔آمین [اپریل۱۹۴۲ء]

سبعۃ اَحرف و قراءاتِ قرآنیہ ؛ایک تحقیقی جائزہ A Research Review of Sab‘a Aḥraf and Recitation of the holy Qur’an in different ways

“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following: Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries. Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views. Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion. Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation. Differences between Singular and Plurals Differences between Muscular and Feminine Differences of the causes of Araabs          Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words) Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)           Differences of the ways which changes words Differences of dialects Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).

Response of Cotton to Tillage, Irrigation and Sowing Methods

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the White Gold, occupies a pivotal position in Pakistan’s economy as it is the major source of raw material for textile industry in the country. Currently, cotton crop is facing a number of restraints, resulting in low yield per ha. Some of the constraints include costly agricultural inputs (seed, fertilizers, pesticides etc), pest attack, lack of pest and disease resistant varieties, good quality seed, scarcity of irrigation water, improper cultivation method and unavailability of advanced technologies. The research was conducted at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to explore the response of cotton to tillage, irrigation and sowing methods. The aim of the experiment was to assess most suitable and economical tillage system and planting method for cotton crop, to attain efficient irrigation water utilization and saving without affecting crop yield or quality and to quantify the irrigation water for cotton crop required for different planting methods. Keeping in view, two different experiments were conducted for two consecutive years. First experiment comprised of two tillage systems i.e., conventional tillage (one time disc harrow + two cultivations + planking) and deep tillage (chiselling twice + one cultivation + planking) and three sowing methods viz; flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing. The second experiment comprised of two irrigation levels (50% field capacity and 75% field capacity) along with three different sowing methods (flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing). Replicated three times, both experiments were laid out in split plot design randomizing tillage systems in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots in experiment I while in experiment II irrigation levels were randomized in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots maintaining a net plot size of 6.0 m × 9.0 m. Bt cotton variety AA-703 was sown at 75 cm spaced rows using 20 kg seed rate ha-1. Data pertaining to growth and yield parameters were recorded and analysed statistically. In first experiment, higher root length was recorded at deep tillage than conventional tillage during both the years of the study. Deep tillage gave maximum leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) showing increase in seed cotton yield of 18.72% in 2010 and 11.14% in 2011. Bed sowing produced 8.8% higher yield than ridge sowing in 2010 and 4.12% higher during 2011 and 25.61 and 16.47% higher than flat sowing respectively. Deep tillage with bed sowing gave maximum net returns of Rs. 121556/- with benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.81 in year 2010, while in 2011 it was Rs. 68627/- with BCR 1.45. In second experiment, application of irrigation at 75% field capacity (FC) significantly increased LAI, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and TDM over 50% FC in 2010 and similar trend was also observed in 2011. Water applied at 75% FC enhanced 38 % yield during 2010 and 30.49% in 2011 than 50% FC. Bed sowing produced 12.1% and 18.09% (in 2010) and 6.08 and 19% (in 2011) higher yield than ridge sowing and flat sowing, respectively. Irrigation level of 75% FC with bed sowing gave maximum net return of Rs. 82574/- with BCR of 1.54 in 2010, while Rs. 43336/- with BCR 1.28 in 2011.
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