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گاندھی جی

گاندھی جی
آہ!لعل شب چراغ ہند
[گاندھی جی]
گزشتہ چندماہ میں وہ کون سی قیامت تھی جو ہمارے سرپر نہیں ٹوٹی اور مصیبت وادبارکی ایسی کون سی قسم تھی جوہندوستان (۱۵؍ اگست سے پہلے کے ہندوستان) پرنہیں آئی ۔ انسانیت کی دھول اُڑی، مذہب واخلاق کے قصر رفیع کی اینٹ سے اینٹ بجی،جوہرآدمیت وشرافت کی عبائے زرنگار کاایک ایک تار بکھرگیا،امن وعافیت کی کتاب کاورق ورق منتشر ہوا اورآسائش حیات وعزت نفس کی دھجیاں بہیمیت و درندگی کی فضائے تاریک میں پراگندہ ہوکر رہ گئیں۔ لیکن یہ سب کچھ ہونے پربھی شاید پیر فلک کے ذوق ستم وایذارسانی کی تسکین اور اس کے حوصلۂ بیدادکی تشفی نہ ہوسکی کہ اس نے ہندستان کی کلاہِ افتخار کاوہ کوہ نور ہیرا اور خستہ حال انسایت کی قبائے ناموس کاوہ تکمۂ زریں بھی توڑ لیا جوخود غرضی و نفس پرستی کی موجودہ متعفن دنیا میں ہندستان اورانسانیت دونوں کی امیدوں اور تمناؤں کاآخری سہارا اوران کی عظمت رفتہ کی آرزوے بازیافت کاواحد آسرا تھا۔
وزدیست چرخ نقب زن اندرسرائے غم
آرے بہرزہ قامت اوخم نیامدہ است
9آسودگی مجوکہ کسے رابزیر چرخ
اسباب ایں مرادفراہم نیامدہ است
درجامۂ کبود فلک بین وبس بداں
کیں چرخ جز سراچۂ ماتم نیا مدہ است
وادریغاکہ وہ عدم تشدد کادیوتا جس نے سخت سے سخت اشتعال کی حالت میں بھی کبھی اپنے دشمن پر انگلی نہیں اٹھائی ۔امن وعافیت کاوہ منّاد و داعی جس نے شدید سے شدید غیظ وغضب کے موقع پربھی اپنے مخالف کے لیے کوئی دل آزار کلمہ زبان سے نہیں نکالا، وہ انسانیت کاعلم بردارِ حقیقی جوتعصب وتنگ نظری کے جذبات کی فراوانی کے عالم میں بھی ایک کوہِ استقامت اورصبر وتحمل کی چٹان بنا اپنے مقام پر کھڑا رہا ،مذہب واخلاق کاوہ پیکر زریں جس نے حیوانیت ودرندگی کے بحرانِ عظیم میں بھی اپنے قدم کو ایک لمحہ کے...

A Sharʽiah Analysis of ʼijāra as a Financing Mode in the wake of Parallel Banking System of Bank of Khyber

The only religion Islam provides the thorough layout for human beings not only covers the spiritual needs but also shaped the materialistic desires in a better way. The most important aspect among all is the availability of proper, smooth flowing and practical financial system as it involve almost in all fields of life. Looking at the current situation and fast growing industry, Islamic Banking System emerged as solid and firm scheme for optimum utilization of finance in full conformity of Shariʽah. ʼijāra is one of the modes frequently used in Interest free banks. The Bank of Khyber claims as Parallel Banking System i.e. It practicing conventional Banking as well as Islamic Banking System. This study emphasis on analyzing the practice of ʼijāra as a financing mode in the wake of Parallel Banking system of Bank of Khyber in the light of Sharʽiah teachings and to portray the real picture of it to enhance the level of satisfaction of customer.   

A Use Case Complexity Based Approach to Prioritize Test Cases for Software Product Line Testing

Software Product Line (SPL) Engineering is software engineering tools, techniques and methods for the development of products sharing common features along with some variant features. A feature model (FM) represents the relationship among various features. Feature model is the main artifact that generates different products of SPL. Product testing is the necessary part of quality assurance. The combinatorial rise of the products occurs due to the large number of features resulting, SPL testing very complex. To reduce the complexity of testing, there are some techniques used in the literature like products selection, minimization and prioritization. In product selection, the scope of testing is reduced. Product minimization chooses a product that represents all the characteristics of products and eliminates redundancy but not feasible for revealing all faults and early fault detection. Product minimization and selection discard some products but prioritization covers all the products. Products Prioritization technique reorders the products based on feature coverage criteria or feature coupling complexity criteria. Prioritization reveals faults earlier that help in early fault correction, feedback, saves cost and time. In existing techniques of prioritization criteria, no one addressed the feature?s individual complexity to prioritize the products. In this present research, the researcher calculated use case complexity of individual features calculated followed by finding product?s complexity in order to prioritize product (Test Case).There are abstract and concrete features in a feature model. Concrete features can be mapped on use case descriptions because they provide the functional requirements of system. An algorithm proposed for finding complexity of UC that based on UC template attributes. It eventually prioritized the products based on individual feature?s complexity. To validate the work, e Shop case study used that was evaluated by generating feature model and valid products configurations with the help of the SPL tool. The e Shop data set obtained from SPLOT that was a free repository. Lists of prioritized products for existing criteria and proposed criteria obtained by running their respective algorithms. Effectiveness of the proposed criteria in comparison with the existing criteria judged by calculating average percentage of faults detected for each prioritized list of products. Proposed approach significantly improved the average percentage of faults detected. The results of case study show that different ordering of the same test cases gives considerable difference in the average percentage of faults detected.
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