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آرتھر ہیورڈ

مسٹر آرتہر ہیورڈ

لندن کے امپرئیل کالج آف سائنس میں مسٹر آرتہر ہیورڈ سائنس سے متعلق ایک تجربہ کرتے کرتے وفات پاگئے، وہ کچھ عرصہ سے فن تصویر کشی (فوٹوگرافی) سے متعلق تجربات میں مشغول تھے، اور آخری تجربہ ایک تاریک کمرہ کے اندر کررہے تھے، کمرہ میں روشنی کا کسی۔۔۔۔ ان سے گذر نہ تھا، اور اس کی چھت اور دیواریں سیاہ رنگ سے رنگی ہوئی تھیں، کمرہ اندر سے بند تھا، کہ وفعتہ زور سے ایک تڑاقا ہوا، مسٹر موصوف کے استاد پروفیسر بون باہر تھے، وہ یہ آواز سن کر دوڑے کمرہ کے اندر انھوں نے جھانکا تو معلوم ہوا بجلی کی روشنی ہورہی ہے، ایک ہتھوڑا لے کر انہوں نے دروازہ توڑا اور اندر گئے تو دیکھا کہ مسٹر ہیورڈ خون میں شرابور پڑے ہوئے ہیں اور دیکھتے ہی دیکھتے ختم ہوگئے، پروفیسر بون کی رائے میں جس آلہ سے وہ تجربہ کررہے تھے، اتفاقاً پھٹ گیا اور اس کے اندر جو زہریلی گیس تھی، اس کے صدمہ سے ان کی گردن سخت مجروح ہوئی اور یہی باعث ہلاکت ہوا۔ (فروری ۱۹۲۱ء)

تکملہ فتح الملہم میں متون احادیث کی لغوی تحقیق و مباحث

The discipline of Hadith Studies is one of the richest and exclusive disciplines of knowledge as its branches extend to hundred. The religious scholars had written thousands monographs concerning Hadith interpretations and explana-tions. Many voluminous works appeared and exist and each of them is a commendable contribution to Hadith explanations. One of significant works on Hadith explanations is “Takmila Fath al-Mulhim” that is the result of scholastic efforts of many years by Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani. This explanation of Hadith Book Muslim was originated and finished till the “section of Marriage” by Allama Shabbir Ahmad Usmani but he could not extend to it to the last chapter due to his political engagements and later his demise closed the chapter. Molana Muhammad Taqi Usmani completed the remaining works in 18 years & 9 months. His method of interpretation is to decipher complicated, manifold and exotic words at first as the words plays key role in authentication and validity of any connotation. He provides detailed information regarding literal and lexical meaning of a word and then with proper justification and reasoning, he gives preference to someone. He also narrates variation and diversity of meaning attached to any word and proves his standpoint about meanings with allied arguments. This article analyses his method with examples and implications.

Challenges During Crisis Management in Higher Educational Institutions: Perspectives on Leadership and Organizational Learning

With the increasing number of crisis events occurring in higher educational institutions across the globe, crisis management has attracted wider attention of the research community. Although developed countries have created some response mechanism, but Higher Education Institutes (HEI’s) in Pakistan are not generally equipped or prepared to respond to such crisis events. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a research study on crisis management in Pakistan to explore its importance and to safeguard the interests of all stakeholders. This research study employed a multiple case study approach based on Zdziarski’s ‘Crisis Matrix’ as the basis for selecting and exploring crises in several higher educational institutions across Pakistan to gain real life experience and collected the data related to different types of crises. Chaos theory was used as the underpinning theory for this study. Purposive sampling was utilized to select at least two institutions for each type of crises and information rich respondents were identified to collect relevant and authentic account of event. The purpose of this research study was to report detailed descriptions of challenges faced by the institutions and strategies adopted by leaders who had experienced different forms of campus crisis. It further elaborated on the leadership roles and responsibilities employed during or after the incident along with the steps taken to mitigate the possible risks. Additionally, a comprehensive list of leadership characteristics required for organizational learning for post crisis management was explored. Data analysis across the three types of crises revealed three themes in crisis management; (i) cause and trigger (ii) incident response and control (iii) mitigation and recovery. Similarly, three meta-themes associated with crisis leadership were derived from a synthesis of leadership roles and responsibilities used during crisis. These included; (i) detect and interpret signal (ii) identify practical and unique solutions (iii) leading and sustaining.Finally, three meta-themes associated with organizational learning were gleaned. There were (i) debriefing (ii) training, (iii) reconfiguring. The findings of this research study supported the importance of development and dissemination of a comprehensive crisis management plan to all stakeholders. This was achieved when leaders dealt with the challenges and learnt from these crises. This learning helped evaluate the plan and actual crises responses before, during, and after a crisis event. The findings from this study provided not only an overview of leadership challenges and strategies but practical strategies for university administrators. This study has both practical and theoretical significance for the administration in educational institutes. By understanding the unique properties and nature of the crises, this study elucidated how threatened the higher education institutes are and helped prepare leaders to identify areas in which administration may take a lead. Theoretically, by exploring the role of organizational learning in crisis management this research will provide new research frontiers where various unexplored or underexplored issues may be discovered that are critical to the institutes’ uninterrupted operations.
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