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قرآن میں استفہامیہ اسلوب کے مقاصد

قرآن میں استفہامیہ اسلوب کے مقاصد
قرآن حکیم میں استفہام کا اسلوب کثرت سے استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ مخاطب میں آمادگی پیدا کرنے، غور وفکر کی دعوت دینے، مخاطب کو جواب سننے کےلیے آمادہ کرنے ، اور مخاطب سے کسی حقیقت کا اقرار کرانے کے لیے یہ اسلوب استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ استفہام ،اثبات کے ذریعے بھی کیا گیاہے اور منفی اندازِ استفہام بھی نظر آتاہے ۔علاوہ ازیں تاکید، ترغیب ،توبیخ،تحقیر، عبرت اندوزی، شان و شوکت کے اظہار اور التفات و نوازش کے لیے بھی اسے استعمال کیا گیاہے ۔ یہ اقرار و امر کےمعنی میں بھی آیاہے اوراظہار تعجب کے لیے بھی۔ حسرت کے انداز میں بھی اور بانداز استعجاب و استہزاء بھی۔ مسلسل استفہام بھی قرآن میں استعمال کیا گیا ہے ۔ مذکورہ بالا مقاصد وحکمتوں اور اس کے منفرد استعمال پر ذیل میں بحث کی گئی ہے ۔

Constitutional Provisions for the Rights of Non-Muslim Minorities in Pakistan

Pakistan is a Muslim country and got freedom from British Government, on August 14, 1947. It was separated from India on the basis of Islamic ideology. Though majority of population was Muslims but there was sufficient number (5%) of non Muslims, such as Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, Calashes’, Baha’is, Zikaria’s, and Parsis etc.  The presence of non Muslims in Pakistan was a great challenge to safe guard their rights in the constitution of Pakistan to maintain the communal harmony in the country. This paper focuses on the provisions of non-Muslim rights in the constitution of Pakistan. It discusses the constitutional provision for the rights of non Muslims. Such as personal law, freedom to religion, safe guard against special taxes, non discrimination in respect of access to public places, discrimination in services, preservation of language script and culture, promotion of social justice and predication of social evils, right to vote,   reservation of seats in National assembly and to run and manage their religious institutions. This paper also suggests some recommendations for the solution of contemporary non Muslim minorities, problems in Pakistan and also achievement of Ministry of non Muslim Minorities Affairs, 2008 to 2010 in Pakistan.

Nuclear Deterrence under the Shadow of Non-State Actors: A Case Study of South Asia

The study attempts to critically examine the current state of nuclear deterrence stability between South Asian arch rivals – India and Pakistan – in the context of non-state actors and their potential to cause nuclear terrorism and nuclear crises in the region. India and Pakistan use selective non-state actors for proxy warfare against each other. Both provide rationale and logic behind such dangerous policies. The study tries to empirically investigate this „peculiar‟ behavior of both the nuclear states and examines possible repercussions on nuclear deterrence stability in South Asia. While emphasizing the rapidly increasing trajectories of nuclear arsenals in both the states, the study analyses the impact of such trends on nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the dissertation notes how technological and doctrinal changes could endanger nuclear deterrence keeping in view the undermining role of non-state actors in the region. The main focus of the study is to evaluate the “sky is falling” argument by discussing possible scenarios of nuclear escalation between both the nuclear states.
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