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یہ ستم کس لیے اب خود پہ نہ ڈھایا جائے

یہ ستم کس لیے اب خود پہ نہ ڈھایا جائے
دل سے وہ وعدہ فراموش بھلایا جائے
تلخ یادوں کو تلف کرنا ہے لازم ٹھہرا
ہر ورق مصحفِ ہستی کا جلایا جائے

دور جاہلیت میں عرب کے معاشی حالات کا ایک جائزہ

It would be essential to know the pre Islamic economic conditions first, then it would be better to know that what are the Islamic principles regarding trade and economics. This would make us understand the Islamic principles fully; also it would help us to comprehend the nature of Arabs who were the same people who after coming into the fold of Islam agreed to lay down their lives for the Islamic cause. Keeping this in view, we can precise how much Islam advocates the truth and dignity for individual and business. Pre Islamic era was a dark period. Arabs had limited sources of Income and they relied upon the piracy and loot and plunder. In Dark era poets boasted Arabs loot and glorified it in their poetries. No one can deny that Arabs had bravery in their blood, and they conceive courage from their mother's womb. They used to loot money from affluent in the day time and gave away to the needy who used to boast them in their poetries. This Article discusses the Arab’s economic conditions in pre-Islamic Era.

Beltrami States in Three Component Plasmas

A static and stationary relaxed state of a single fluid MHD plasma appears as a consequence of the minimization of magnetic energy while the magnetic helicity remains conserved. The relaxed state is known as Beltrami state and represented by eigenvalue equation of the curl operator. The Beltrami state is a force-free equilibrium state and characterized by a single scale parameter. There exists no pressure gradient in ideal MHD self-organized state.On the other hand, selforganized states of multi component plasmas composed of multi Beltrami states are characterized by strong flow and pressure gradients which are the important features of practical plasmas found in laboratory and space environments. The self-organized states of multi component plasmas are investigated and analyzed. It is shown that self-organized state of electronegative dusty plasma comprising of one positive ion, two negative ions and immobile heavy dust grains can be cast as a superposition of three Beltrami states characterized by three scale parameters. This state is called as Triple Beltrami state and has a wide range of solutions covering paramagnetic as well as diamagnetic self-organized states. The relaxed equilibrium state of three component plasmas is found to be composed of four Beltrami states when all the inertial and non-inertial forces are taken into account. Two of the components constitute a pair while other one is taken to be a singly ionized positive ion. The self-organized state is called as Quadruple Beltrami state and governed by four eigenvalues. It is found that density of ions plays a significant role in the formation of relaxed structures. It is also shown that the relaxed state of three component plasmas can be cast in terms of double Beltrami state which is the superposition of two Beltrami states. The loss of equilibrium in a slowly varying double Beltrami state is investigated by changing control parameter.The equilibrium state is analyzed to observe the effects of magnetic helicity, generalized helicity, ratio of magnetic field to positron flow, density of components and energy of the system. The critical values of energy and control parameter are derived and the results are applied to model the eruptive events occurring in solar coronal loops.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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