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ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی سپریم کورٹ میں آخری تقریر

ذولفقار علی بھٹو کی سپریم کورٹ میں آخری تقریر

بعد ازاں اپیل کنندہ کے ذریعے عدالت میں ایک تحریری درخواست بھی پیش کی گئی تھی جس میں اس معاملے کے کچھ پہلوئوں پر ذاتی طور پر عدالت سے خطاب کرنے کے موقع کی درخواست کی گئی ۔ اس درخواست کی اجازت دی گئی اور اسی مناسبت سے اپیل کنندہ 1978 ء میں 18 سے 21 دسمبر تک ذاتی طور پر چار دن عدالت میں پیش ہوا ۔ اپیل کنندہ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو نے تقریباً بارہ گھنٹوں پر پھیلے ہوئے وسیع خطاب میں اپنے اوپر لگائے گئے الزامات سے انکار کیا جو کہ بے مقصد، مستغیث اعلیٰ احمد رضا قصوری نے قتل کے گواہ ہونے سے متعلق لگائے تھے۔ اس وقت کے فیڈرل سکیورٹی فورس کے ڈائریکٹر جنرل اور گواہ مسعود محمود جنھوں نے یہ بھی دعویٰ کیا کہ شواہد میں سازش کے جرم کے کسی ضروری اجزا کی موجودگی کا انکشاف نہیں کیا گیا۔ یعنی متفقہ طور پر شریک سازشیوں خصوصاً مسعود محمود کی طرف سے جس نے اپیل کنندہ کی جانب سے سختی سے استدعا کی تھی اپیل کنندہ نے اس پر تبصرہ کیا کہ گواہوں ،احمد رضا قصوری اور مسعود محمود کے ثبوت میں موروثی تضادات موجود ہیں اور عرض کیا کہ وہ ملک میں مارشل لاء کی مجبوری کے تحت کام کر رہے ہیں۔ انھوں نے کہا کہ اگر استغاثہ یہ چاہتا تھا کہ عدالت ملک میں بطور صدر اور وزیر اعظم اپنے عہدے کے دوران پاکستان میں موجود مبینہ معاشرتی حالت کا عدالتی نوٹس لے تو پھر اس طرح کا نوٹس بھی اس حقیقت پر لیا جانا چاہیے جو مارشل لاء کے تسلسل کے دوران مقدمے کی سماعت میں ثبوت اہم گواہ دے رہے تھے۔ انھوں نے سختی سے استدلال کیا کہ ان کے خلاف سارا مقدمہ جھوٹا اور من...

Exploring the Objectives of Model Madaris Curriculum: Practical Approach Analysis

Islamic history reveals that Muslim rulers had taken keen interest to establish educational institutions during their rule. To keep going on this legacy of the Muslim rulers, various governments in Pakistan, since its creation, has announced a number of educational policies. Besides suggestions for Islamic education, a concept of Model Madaris at federal level was introduced for the first time during Musharraf’s regime [1999-2008]. Ministry of Religious Affairs (MORA) was made responsible to develop the curriculum for these Madaris from middle to master levels; however, as per constitution the Education Act 1976, it is the responsibility of Curriculum Wing, Ministry of Education to develop the curriculum up to higher secondary level with pre-framed objectives. While at graduate and post graduate level, it is the responsibility of the universities to develop curriculum through their statutory bodies i.e. Board of Studies, Board of Faculty and Academic Council as per guide lines set by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. This study is an effort to explore the main objectives of Model Madaris curriculum. Moreover, it will be cross checked with course contents from middle to bachelor levels and policy suggestions will be directed that how these objectives and course contents can be amalgamated in one line.

Adaptive Genetic Algorithms: Simulation-Based Optimization Techniques

In the last three decades, engineers and decision makers expressed a growing interest in the development of effective modeling and simulation methods to understand and predict the behavior of many phenomena in engineering and science. Many of these phenomena are translated into mathematical models for convenience and comparatively elaborative interpretation. Methods commonly employed for this purpose include, neural networks, simulated annealing, particle swarm optimization, ant colony optimization, tabu search, genetic algorithms, and many more. These methods search for the optimal or near optimal values of parameters of a model built a priori. But for such a case, a suitable model should be well known beforehand. When this is not the case, the problem can be seen from another angle where the goal is to find a program or a mathematical representation which can solve the problem. According to this idea the modeling step is performed automatically thanks to a quality criterion which drives the building process. The aim of the research, presented in this thesis, is to use genetic algorithms for large scale optimization and Non-deterministic polynomial (NP-hard) problems. More specifically, binary-based representation of genetic algorithm is used for non-convex function optimization. The path-based representation is used to solve one of the combinatorial optimization problems i.e. traveling salesman problem. Genetic algorithm is meta-heuristic optimization approach based on the principles and mechanisms of natural evolution and can be used to solve problems with higher order of difficulty developed by John Holland. There are three main operators; selection, crossover and mutation for running this algorithm. In this thesis, we focus mainly on crossover operators but a significant consideration is also given to selection operator as well. In third chapter, we develop a selection procedure which gives a reasonable opportunity to worst individuals along with the best ones. Also in chapter five, a new version of rank-based selection operator which is a fine tradeoff between exploration and exploitation is introduced. The effectiveness and the stability of the proposed selection schemes are then evaluated using a wide range of benchmark instances and the solutions are compared and cross checked with the results published in the relevant peer reviewed literature. Rest of the thesis focuses on two crossover representations: binary for function optimization and permutation for traveling salesman problems. All the developed crossover operators showed an improved and significant performance of the genetic algorithm with fewer generations and lower convergence time in achieving optimal solutions. The operators used are capable of introducing new fitter offspring and without being trapped in a local optimum. Therefore it can be stated that all the proposed operators are efficient to solve non-convex benchmark functions and NP-hard problems like traveling salesman problem. We used MATLAB software to compare the performance of all new operators with existing ones. In this thesis, we provide pseudo-codes for all new developed operators along with those that are used for comparison in our study.
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