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سر چارلس لایل

سر چارلس لایل

            ماہ گزشتہ میں انگلستان کے ایک مشہور متشرق سر چارلس لایل کی وفات ہوئی موصوف مدت تک ہندوستان میں ممتاز ملکی مناصب پر مامور رہے تھے، ۱۸۹۸؁ء میں چیف کمشنر صوبہ متوسط کے مرتبہ سے پنشن پائی اور اس کے بعد بارہ برس تک انڈیا آفس میں کام کرتے رہے، مسلمانوں کے علوم و السنہ، خصوصاً فارسی، عربی اور اردو کے وہ ایک مستند عالم خیال کئے جاتے تھے اور شعراء عرب کے متعدد دواوین ان کے تحشیہ و مقدمہ کے ساتھ شائع ہوئے، وہ برٹش اکاڈیمی کے فیلو تھے اور ایڈنبرا، آکسفورڈ، اسٹراسبرگ، مختلف یونیورسٹیوں سے ال۔ال۔ڈی، پی۔ایچ۔ ڈی، ڈی۔لٹ وغیرہ کی اعزازی ڈگریاں رکھتے تھے، انسائیکلوپیڈیا برٹانیکا کے آخری ایڈیشن میں ہندوستانی (اردو) لٹریچر پر مضمون انہی کے قلم سے تھا، ان کی عمر ۷۵ سال کی تھی۔ (اکتوبر ۱۹۲۰ء)

 

غربت کے خاتمہ کے لیے ازواجِ مطہرات کی مساعی

Islam as a religion is not based on empty or futile theories. Infact it intensely educates in altering a practical approach towards ones exixtence both as an individual and or a social being. It is the only religion which lead the way towards welfare/ "Falah" and Qura Calls such people Muflihon. Falah is for both render, either it is a man or a woman. Women especially Holy Prophet's wives are never leave behind in poor's uplift and public welfare. From the very beginning of UMMAHATUL-MOMINEEN (Holy Prophet's wives) are playing vital role in social or public welfare an till in this modern era and patriarchal society, they are role model to help plebians. The Islamic values as the world knows of them today were brought to light through our last messanger (P.B.U.H), assigned with the most important task in probably the most crucial era of human history. With the injustice all over the globe and the leaders of super powers in a rift with each other to dominate the world, exhausted the most important of resouces i.e. The humanity. The divine manifiesto of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) and the lives of wives of Holy Prophet was actually based upon justice among masses and the preservation of conflict torn humanity. The intellectual wisdom of Holy Prophet's wives in the given situation was to restore order while restoring justice based upon the reformative rule of law as depicted by the Islamic ideology. The main aim of this very importatnt initiative was to reintroduce the humanity with the most important elements such as humility, mutual respect an retoration of long forgotten code of ethics. The basic foundation of our last Prophet's wives idealogy was to uplift poor whether they are Muslims or not. They successfully ordained the resurfacing, prevalence and practice of the same code of ethics. Now days many of such examples are prevalent in the world, not as a whole yet, though to a certain extent which is holding it together. The war torn and devastated west of the medieval found its solution in applying the same Islamic rule of law in their society in late 17th century and onward. It therefore can be deduced that the same code of ethics, which can be referred to the Quran, the sacred Islamic book, possibly offers the most effective solutions in order to ensure the societal and social development in current era.

Interference of Horse Purslane Trianthema Portulacastrum L. With Maize Zea Mays L. at Different Densities

Horse purslane (Trianthema portulacastrum L) a member of family Aizoaceae is a common weed in a host of crops such as maize, soybean, sugar cane vegetables and cotton in Pakistan and elsewhere. In order to quantify the impact of Trianthema portulacastrum on maize, experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan for two crop seasons, viz. 2006 and 2007, using open pollinated variety “Azam”. The experiments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block design with split plot arrangements, having, three replications per treatments. Four maize plant spacing (15, 20, 25 and 30 cm) were kept in main plots, while weed densities (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 m -2 ) were allocated as sub-plots. Data were recorded on days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, days to maturity, plant height (cm), numbers of ears plant -1 , rows ear -1 , kernels ear -1 , ear weight (g), 1000-kernel weight (g), maize leaf area index, biological yield (t ha -1 ), grain yield (t ha -1 ), harvest index (%) and weed (T. portulacastrum) biomass (t ha -1 ). All growth parameters except for the number of ears plant -1 and rows ear -1 were affected by planting season, plant spacing and weed density. Plant spacing of 15 cm produced higher grain yields of 2.85 and 2.66 t ha -1 compared with 2.30 and 2.08 t ha -1 in wider plant spacing of 30 cm for the planting seasons of 2006 and 2007, respectively. However, for both years, yield components like ear weight and kernels ear -1 of individual plants were reduced with parallel decrease in plant spacing. Similarly, weed-free control plots produced higher grain yields of 3.04 and 2.87 t ha -1 vis-a-vis the grain yields of 2.14 and 2.0 t ha -1 in plots having weed density of 18 plants m -2 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Plant spacing of 15 cm also resulted in higher biological yields of 6.96 and 6.69 t ha -1 in comparison with 30 cm spacing producing 5.92 and 5.85t ha -1 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. In the same vein, control plots had biological yields of 7.28 t ha -1 and 7.09 t ha -1 as compared with 5.81 t ha -1 and 5.65 t ha -1 in plots having weed density of 18 plants m -2 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Plant spacing of 15 cm resulted in lower fresh weed biomass of 0.91and 0.88 t ha -1 compared with plant spacing5 of 30 cm producing higher weed biomass of 1.33 and 1.21t ha -1 in the growing seasons of 2006 and 2007, respectively. Likewise, the lower weed density of 3 plants m -2 resulted in lower weed biomass (0.97 t ha -1 in 2006 and 0.93 t ha -1 in 2007) compared with higher weed density of 18 plants m -2 (1.55 t ha -1 in 2006 and 1.49 t ha -1 in 2007). Decreasing plant spacing and increasing weed density of T. portulacastrum delayed tasseling, silking and maturity of grains. The T. portulacastrum infestations in plots having 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 plants m -2 resulted in yield losses of 4.2, 11.1, 18.6, 20.4, 27.2 and 29.5 % in 2006. The parallel figures for 2007 were 9.3, 14.3, 18.3, 23.2, 25.1 and 30.2 % in 2007. The two years of research showed that narrow spacing enhanced the competitive ability of maize crop and suppressed weed growth which eventually resulted in higher yields. Trianthema portulacastrum was a strong competitor to maize, and its infestation may inflict substantial yield losses, although the competitive ability was dependent on plant spacing and weed density. Plant spacing alone was not effective in suppressing T. portulacastrum; therefore, other cultural practices should also be integrated with optimum spacing to reduce the yield losses in maize crop. Key words: Trianthema portulacastrum, weed competition, maize.
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