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المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر

المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر

نُشِرت قصیدۃ ’’الکولیرا‘‘ في بیروت ووصلت نسختھا ببغداد في أول کانون الأول عام 1947م وفي النصف الثاني من الشھر نفسہ صدر دیوان بدر شاکر السیّاب (أزھار ذابلۃ) في بغداد، تقول نازک بأن في ھذا الدیوان قصیدۃ حرۃ الوزن ولہ في بحر الرمل عنواناً (ھل کان حباً) ولکن علق علی ھذہ القصیدۃ في الحاشیۃ بأنھا من "الشعر مختلف الأوزان والقوافي" وھذا النموذج منھا :


 ھل یکون الحبّ أني
 بتّ[1] عبداً للتمني
 أم ھو الحب أطراح الأمنیات
 والتقاء الثغر بالثغر ونسیان الحیاۃ
 واختفاء العین في العین انتشاء
 کانثیال عاد یفني في ھدیر
 أو کظل في غدیر[2]

ثم وضحت الشاعرہ نازک الملائکۃ في قضایا الشعر المعاصر بأن ظھور قصیدۃ (الکولیرا) و (ھل کان حباً) لم یلفت نظر الجمھور والقراء؛ ولکن حصل تعلیق واحد فقط في مجلۃ (العروبۃ) علی أسلوب ووزن قصیدۃ (الکولیرا) ولکن مضت سنتان لم یکتب أحد شعراً حراً ولا تعلیقاً آخر علی الشعر الحر۔ ولکن عندما ظھر دیوان نازک الملائکۃ (شظایا ورماد) عام 1949م قامت ضجۃ شدیدۃ في صحف العراق ومناقشات في الأوساط الأدبیۃ، فبعضھم تنبأوا لھذہ الدعوۃ الجدیدۃ بالفشل وبعضھم تشجعوا واستجابوا لہ۔



[1] بتّ ، مأخوذ من بات والمقصود قضى الليل

[2] الملائکۃ، نازک، قضایا الشعر المعاصر(بیروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملایین) الطبعۃ الثانیۃ عشرۃ، 
ینایر 2004م، ص36 ۔

Terms, Tools and Techniques of Quail Hunt(An Anthropological Study of Trends)

This paper deals with the research findings of an anthropological study about quail hunting and quail fighting in Taunsa Sharif. The major objective of this research was to find the traditional tools and techniques being used for different types of quail hunting by the natives. There is a strong relationship between two of the activities. Through the quail hunting a flock of birds is captured and out of this the finest quails are selected for the fight on the basis of certain culturally defined criteria. There are seven traditional types of quail hunt that are being practiced. All types of hunts vary from each other because of different reasons, i.e., season of the hunt, usage of tools and techniques. The division of labor and party formation has a vital role in both quail hunt and fight. This paper is an attempt to explain the process, practices, tool and techniques of quail hunting. Besides this indigenous perspective about the start of quail fight and hunt are discussed. The data presented in this research paper were collected in Union Council Urban Tehsil Taunsa Sharif by utilizing anthropological research tools and techniques from August 2008 to January 2009.

An Analysis of Gaps in Policy and Practice of District Education Officers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

The role of District Education Officers has been redefined due to the speedy development in technology and trends in the area of education. The purpose of the study was to analyze gaps in policy and practice of District Education officers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The objectives of the study were (1) To study the existing policies and practices of District Education Officers, (2) To identify the gaps between policy and practices of the District Education Officers, (3) To suggest remedial solution in order to bring their practice in line with institutional policies of the education department. The study posed research questions such as (1) Whether District Education Officers have any awareness about the institutional policies? (2) What are the gaps in policies and practices of District Education Officers? (3) What remedial solution this study can propose for bringing the administrative practices of District Education Officers in line with the institutional policies given to them by the department? The study was carried out in all twenty-five districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to compare institutional policies with the actual practices of the District Education Officers in order to identify gaps for remedial solutions. All 50 (100%) District Education Officers (twenty-five males and twenty-five female) of all 25 districts was a part of the study. In addition, eight provincial level officers designated as Chief Planning Officer, Director, Additional Director Planning and Development-I, Additional Director Planning and Development-II, Deputy Director Establishment, Deputy Directress Establishment, Deputy Directress Planning and Development and Deputy Directress Trainings Department of Elementary and Secondary Education Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan were selected as sample for interview. The relevant literature and office documents were reviewed for the purpose of knowing policy initiatives and drawing indicators for preparation of research instruments. The data obtained through questionnaire and interview were analyzed, interpreted and supported by statistical instruments which resulted in a couple of findings. The important gaps between policies and practices of District Education Officers that emerged from the study included lack of in-service training in Computer Literacy, Office Management, Financial Management, Human Resource Management, Planning & Development and Communication Skills. The study also found the gaps of lack of awareness of District Education Officers about the policies. To bridge up the identified gaps, feasible recommendations were formulated such as to train the concerned officers in the area of knowledge, skills and attitude. The study also recommended that DEOs should be a part of policy formulation, implementation and evaluation in order to bring their practices in line with policies. The District Education Officers should be empowered in their practices. The unwarranted political intervention in the practices of District Education Officers should be stopped by the Government. The study recommended the Elementary & Secondary Education Department should take measures to utilize fully both human and financial resources for optimal implementation of policies.
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