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جنوں

جنوں
لوگ آستین میں خنجر چھپا کر ملتے رہتے
میں گردن کی۔۔۔سینے کی پرواہ نہ کرتا
صبح شام عشق پر درود۔۔۔سبز موسم پر سلام پڑھتا رہتا
شبنمی چاندنی۔۔۔!
گل بنفشا، گل مریم کی گرھیں کھولتی رہتی
میں عشق زادوں کا طواف کرتے ہوئے محو سفر رہتا
آخر اک روز قیس بن الملوح مل ہی گئے
جو مہکتے خط کے ساتھ۔۔۔!
مجھے عشق کی بارگاہ میں لے ہی گئے
عشق نے صالحین، عاشقین اور صادقین کے رو برو۔۔۔!
مجھے سلسلۂ جنوں کی دستار عطا کی
پھر قیس بن ذریع کو۔۔۔!
میری خانہ بدوشی اور آوارگی کی داستاں سناتے ہوئے!
مجھے صحرا کی طرف روانہ کیا۔

تقارب عقائد کے لئے علمائے اہل سنت کی کاوشیں (ایک تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ) The Efforts of Ahl al-Sunnah Scholars for Convergence of Beliefs (An Exploratory and Analytical Study)

There are many beliefs in the sects that are common, while the differences are very small and minor. The differences are usually of a sectarian, ijtihad and preferential nature. But the false powers are using these sectarian differences to spread extremist thinking, which is a poison for the Muslim Ummah. Closeness is essential for the survival of the Muslim faith. This unity should not be temporary but should be a message of intellectual and spiritual, material well-being, spiritual maturity and evolution of mental development and unity should be universal. No matter how much the two groups disagree, there are many commonalities. It is important for convergent beliefs to cultivate commonalities rather than divisive ones. So that the atmosphere of hatred is reduced and an atmosphere of unity is created. The history of Islam bears witness to the fact that the Imams, jurists, narrators and commentators have differed on a number of issues. Despite this difference, love, goodwill, brotherhood and unity prevailed. For such interfaith tolerance and harmony, mutual respect is also necessary. Key words: Convergence of beliefs,  Unity and solidarity,   Interdisciplinary, Shared, Sub-differences, Universal

Investigation of Variables Affecting Kerf Width Surface Roughness and Material Removal Rate in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining

Wire-Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) is one of the non-conventional machining processes for machining hard to machine electrically conductive materials. It has been increasingly used in industry owing to its distinct advantages over the other cutting technologies. The process can only be employed effectively when all its properties and complexities are well understood. In addition many aspects of this technology require to be fully explored in order to increase its capabilities and cutting performance. This thesis contains an extensive literature review and an experimental work on the investigations of various variables in Wire-EDM. It is a fact that the substantial amount of work has been carried out on Wire-EDM, but a very little research has been reported on the influence of the variables such as the work piece thickness and hardness on various machining responses such as surface roughness, kerf width and material removal rate. Accordingly a detailed experimental investigation is presented in this thesis to study the various cutting performance measures in Wire-EDM over a wide range of variables or process parameters including workpiece thickness and hardness. The influence of all these variables/ control factors/ process parameters on the major cutting performance measures in Wire-EDM have been comprehensively discussed and analyzed under two sets of experiments. In the first set of experiments, the influence of eight variables including thickness has been studied on the machining responses such as kerf width, surface roughness, and VIIDepartment of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering material removal rate. The workpiece material used was Tungsten Carbide. Eight variables including thickness have been taken with three levels each to determine their influence on the machining responses. In this the Taguchi Orthogonal Array has been used to reduce the number of runs for meaningful results. Tungsten Carbide workpieces were machined and the requisite response variables were measured. Likewise, in the second set of experiments the same material was taken and hardened to obtain two levels of hardness. The workpiece hardness was taken instead of thickness with four other variables having two levels each. This was done to validate the results of first experiment and also to see the influence of hardness. In both the experiments, ANOVA was carried out after obtaining the responses to determine the significant factors for each response. The result was consistent with the available literature however new facts were discovered in the case of workpiece thickness and hardness. Workpiece thickness appeared to be significant in case of surface roughness only and hardness was found significant in all the three cases. Finally the optimization of the machining responses was carried out using S/N ratio as specified by Taguchi method for the purpose of research papers publications.
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