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مرزامحمد. رفیع سودا کے اشعار میں سائنسی شعور

مرزا محمد رفیع سودا کے اشعار میں سائنسی شعور

سجاد نقوی،سیالکوٹ

اردو شاعری کی سرفرازی ، دل کشش رنگا رنگی اور پر کشش خیال بندی میں اٹھارویں صدی کے شعرا کا کردار نا قابل فراموش ہے۔اس دور کے شعرا کرام نے اردو نظم کی تمام اصناف میں طبع آزمائی کر کے اردو شاعری کو زینت بخشی اور زبان و بیان کو پختگی کے زیور سے آراستہ کیا۔اسی دور کے ایک عظیم الشان ،قادر الکلام اور ملک الشعرا،استاد مرزا محمد رفیع سودا کا اسم گرامی شعری افق پر اظہر من الشمس ہے۔اردو شاعری کی کلاسیکل روایت ذکر سودا کے بغیر ادھوری اور بے ذائقہ ہے۔میر تقی میر اور خواجہ درد آپ کے معاصرین میں شامل ہیں۔لیکن ان دونوں شاعروں میں مرزا سودا اپنا ایک الگ مقام و مرتبہ رکھتے ہیں۔کچھ ناقدین میر اور سودا کے کلام کے درمیان مقابلے کی زد میں میر کو سودا پر ترجیح دے کر جانبدارانہ رویہ اختیار کرتے ہیں۔جبکہ سودا تمام شعرا سے ہٹ کر اپنے شعری میدان میں پرکھے جائیں تو نہ صرف شعریات پر پورا اترتے دکھائی دیتے ہیں بل کہ وہ اردو کلاسیکل روایت کے مایہ ناز شاعر گردانے جاتے ہیں۔

مرزا رفیع سودا ،خان آرزو کے صحبت نشین تھے اور ان کے مشورے پر فارسی سے اردو شاعری کی جانب راغب ہوئے اور یکتائے زمانہ کہلائے۔آپ نے اردو نظم کی قریباً تمام رائج اصناف مثلاً غزل ، قصیدہ ، مرثیہ ،رباعیات، قطعات، مثنوی، ہجو گوئی وغیرہ پر طبع آزمائی کی۔چوں کہ آپ قصیدے کا فطری ذوق اور رجحان رکھتے تھے اس لیے اردو شاعری میں بہ طور قصیدہ نگار آپ کو مقبولیت دوام حاصل ہے۔

آپ نے اردو قصیدے کو ایک نیا آہنگ عطا کیا۔آپ کے قصائد میں معنی آفرینی ،پرواز تخیل ،بہاریہ ،رندانہ و مستانہ تشبیب...

زواج المسيار: حقيقته و حكمه

The term “Nikah Misyar” (translated sometimes as “travellers’ marriage” or “marriage of convenience”) is not found in the Qur’an, Sunna or classical works of Islamic jurisprudence. It is a term that has been introduced recently. However, the concept can be found being discussed in the works of classical Muslim jurists (fuqaha). This is a marriage contract between a man and a woman, with the condition that the spouses give up one, two or several of their rights by their own free will. Some people consider that the misyar marriage can meet the needs of young people whose resources are too limited to settle down. However, there have been some (Sunni) scholars and organizations that have opposed the concept of Nikah Misyar altogether. As for the Islamic ruling concerning such marriages, there are two issues to consider: 1) Validity and permissibility; and 2) Appropriateness. Different scholars gave different opnions regarding these two imporatant issues. In this article, Nikah/zawaj Misyar was discussed in detail, describing different point of views and ruling in facvour and against Nikah Misyar.

Performance Evaluation of Selective Control Measures of Foundation Seepage for Embankment Dams over Permeable Strata

This research has addressed typical geological complexities through performance evaluation of selective foundation seepage control features for embankment dams on deep permeable strata. The study is based on an intricate case history of Satpara Dam Project founded over moraines. Seepage control measures for Satpara dam foundations included upstream extension of the dam core as an impervious blanket with a partial cutoff at its upstream end. Seepage modelling was carried for ‘as-designed’ seepage mitigation measures under 2-D sectional flow model assumptions for different case scenarios using SEEP/W. In-situ permeability test results from pre-construction exploratory investigations of the project, ranging over several logarithmic orders of magnitude, were scrutinised for identification of a representative dataset for assignment of K- values while characterising spatial variability. Relative seepage sensitivity analyses were made using ‘percentile’ values from the two-layered ‘pervious zone in homogeneous’ foundation representation approach and computed values from the multi-zoned ‘ROCKWORKS modelled’ multi-zoned foundation representation approach. Comparative inferences considered theoretically acceptable limits in averting piping initiation for the adopted seepage control measures. The refinement in K-assumptions from the layered to the multi-zoned approach influenced and enhanced scale of magnitudes and rate of change of computed gradients and hydraulic heads along their distributions and trends at different points of consideration along the flow direction. The adopted seepage control scheme reduced the computed hydraulic gradients to 73.5% and the head potential to 72% at toe of core relative to no seepage control measures. Available project data from five years of consecutive operation (for five impoundings during 2007-2011) showed that conservation level and consequently a steady state condition was not achieved. Effectiveness of the adopted seepage control measures at Satpara Dam was evaluated through comparative response of instruments installed across the cutoff wall, for upstream and downstream observations at two different depth zones, and along the flow path in the foundations upstream and downstream of the main dam axis. Piezometeric data from 27 selected responsive foundation piezometers covering the project area was used to develop percent potential contour plot plans, corresponding to selected pseudo-steady state reservoir levels and for a reservoir level common to the last three impounding stages. Evaluation of head differentials and percent potential distributions also provided evidence of cross flow influences, indicating 3-D flow in the dam foundation domain. Pseudo-steady state reservoir levels defined new loading conditions, which were used to extend the 2-D ‘as designed’ SEEP/W model and additionally simulate a 3-D seepage model using FEFLOW. Simulated results based on the multi-zoned pre- construction foundation representation could not replicate the observed ‘pseudo- steady’ foundation response. It was assessed that applied heads had likely caused redistribution of unsupported fines, at probable locations associated with higher potential drops and concentrated potential contours. The cutoff wall proximity and foundations underlying the drainage blanket were accordingly identified to induce higher gradients susceptible for subsequently dislodging fines. An inverse 2-D modelling approach was implied to correspondingly re-adjust K-values in the sectional multi-zoned pre-construction foundation representation. This helped improve related subsurface perceptions of post-construction foundation behaviour.
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