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المبحث الثاني: زواجها

المبحث الثاني: زواجها

 کانت بروین شاکر من عائلۃ دینیۃ ومن عائلۃ تتمسک بأصولھا وقوانینھا، وکانت من الشیعۃ، وعند ما علم والدھا بأنھا ترید الزواج من شخص یدین علی سنۃ النبي ﷺ فقد أحزنه ھذا الشيء، ورفض والدھا ذاك الشاب، فحاولت الشاعرۃ إرضاء والدھا ولکنھا لم تنجح في ذلك فأحزن الشاعرۃ ھذا الرفض وقد کسر قلبھا وأحست بالھزیمۃ، ولکن الوالد أصر علی أن تتزوج من الشخص الذي سیختارہُ الوالد وأصيبتِ الشاعرۃ بالمرض بسبب ھذا۔

 

 ثم تقدّم لھا الشاب ابن خالتھا الدکتور نصیر للزواج فوافق والدھا وجعلھا توافق ھي علی الزواج، فتم خطبتھا في 1975م وفي 14 اکتوبر 1976م تمّ الزواج والدکتور نصیر ھو ابن السید صغیر علي وکان یعمل في نظام القطار (والدھا کان یعمل في نظام القطار)، وکان مھرھا 14 ألف روبیہ، فحضر زواجھا من کبار الشعراء والشاعرات۔

استمرت الشاعرۃ في التدریس حتی بعد الزواج، وکانت لا تجید أعمال المنزل والطبیخ، فکانت تشاور شقیقتھا نسرین في کثیر من الأمور المنزلیۃ والطھي. وبعد الزواج لم تُغیر الشاعرۃ إسمھا (بروین شاکر) لأنھا کانت معروفۃ بھذا الإسم في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ والعلمیۃ واشتھرت دواوینھا أیضاً باسمھا (بروین شاکر)۔

 

وعاشت فترة من الزمن مع زوجھا نصیر عیشۃ ھانئۃ وکلھا سعادۃ وأفراح، وکان نصیر علي ضابطًا في الجیش برتبة نقيب، کانت بروین شاکر وزوجھا نصیر آنذاك في(ایبت آباد) ولکن کلما جاء إتصال من کراتشي أحسّ نصیر علي ببعض القلق، وکان یرید العودۃ إلی والدتہ لھذا قدّم استقالۃ من الجیش ورجع إلی کراتشي، ولکن بروین شاکر لم یعجبہا ھذا الشيء فأحست ببعض البعد والوحدۃ، ثم حصلت بعض المشاجرات بین الطرفین، فعادت الشاعرۃ إلی والدیھا لأنھا کانت لا ترید العیش مع والدۃ زوجھا، ولکن بعد فترۃ قصیرۃ حصل إتفاق بین الزوجین علی أن یعیشا مستقلين في بیتٍ صغیرٍ مأجورٍ، وخلال ھذہِ الفترۃ أنجبت الشاعرۃ...

Determinants of Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women

Multiparity is a matter of great concern regarding the health of women as well as child. At the same time it has different determinants and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective: To determine the determinants of lack of family planning in grand multiparous women. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 271 GMP patients from DHQ Hospital Okara city. Mean age was 35 ± 10 years. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire and evaluated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and frequency and percentages for qualitative data. To measure the determinants of lack of family planning, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: Most of women belong to rural area 172(63.47%) and areMuslims 259(95.5%). Most of the families lie under upper lower 149 (54.8%) and lower middle group of income 71(26.1%). The reason of last pregnancy was desire for baby boy 66(24.4%), then husband’s wish 45(16.6%)and so on. There is a good association of socioeconomic status and residence of head of family as p < 0.05, (Results are 325.272a, df = 10, p=0.000). There is an association of Gravida and socioeconomic status of head of family as p<0.05. (27.294, df= 20, p=.05). There is a good association between reasons of last pregnancy and gravida as p<0.05, (41.920, df = 24, p=0.001). Conclusions: The grand multiparty is still very common in Okara Pakistan district, considering the easy availability of modern contraceptive methods but very few women are aware of it. The most popular explanation given for present pregnancy by grand multiparous women was an urge for baby boy followed by husband wish. Most of women are Muslims. Rural Women are more socio-economically down and they have grandermultiparty.

Synthesis and Characterization of Low Cost Ch3nh3pbi3 Solar Cells Using Metal Oxide: 2D Composite Electron Selective Contacts

Objective of this work was to develop a processing protocol to develop devices with Hole Transport Layer (HTL) free architectures in ambient air conditions of high humidity. This would result in considerable cost savings and rapid commercialization of this technology. We developed a synthesis technique allowing us to achieve reliable and reproducible films of CH3NH3PbI3 while processing under ambient air conditions. Effect of ambient air synthesis on morphology and photoconductivity was investigated to reach to an optimum CH₃NH₃I concentration for our devices. Morphology and photoconductivity measurements determined that a concentration of 0.050 M of CH₃NH₃I in iso-propanol offered the best compromise between grain size and photoconductivity. Photoconductivity measurements were recorded for both room and elevated temperatures. This ensured that the impedance measurements for completed devices at elevated temperatures truly reflected device artifacts. The efficiencies achieved for devices with HTL free architecture were low. We experimented by varying the compositions of electron selective contacts to achieve reasonable working efficiencies for our devices. Investigations with sol gel TiO2 compact film achieved an efficiency of 3.74 %. We incorporated ZnO compact film through sol gel chemistry and achieved an efficiency of 3.03 %. In order to increase the efficiency of devices we investigated the completed devices through impedance spectroscopy and identified that if the series resistance component could be lowered and recombination resistance increased we could increase the efficiencies working in the regime we identified at the outset. Material of choice to achieve these properties have been GO with its remarkable electronic and optical properties. We dispersed GO in ZnO and achieve an efficiency of 4.74 %. Investigation of TiO2 - GO composite was more challenging owing to the stringent requirement of GO dispersions in TiO2 sol. This process was not reproducible and the results achieved were less than perfect. We devised a novel synthesis route to achieve reliable and vii reproducible TiO2 - GO composite by in situ incorporation of GO during the sol gel reaction. Devices using this composite as electron selective contacts achieved an efficiency of 5.9 %. Another approach to enhance the efficiency of these devices in this synthesis regime was to increase the absorption of these devices using 2D material with superior absorption properties. CH3NH3PbI3 was identified as having good absorption in the middle of the solar spectrum while the absorption falls off at the edges of the spectrum. We investigated MoS2 composite with TiO2 as electron selective contact allowing greater photon harvesting toward the lower wavelength region of the solar spectrum. We again had to develop a novel synthesis technique to reliably imbed few to monolayer sheets of MoS2 in TiO2 matrix, a requirement critical to the working of this concept as the band gap of MoS2 shifts from 1.85 eV of monolayer to 1.2 eV for bulk. We achieved an efficiency of 4.3 % for devices employing this composite as electron selective contact.
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