ترجمہ کی اصطلاحات
ٹارگٹ لینگوئج:
وہ زبان جس میں ترجمہ کیا جارہا ہے۔
سورس لینگوئج:
اصل زبان جس سے متن لیا جارہاہے۔
مثال:
میاں محمدبخش کی سیف الملوک پنجابی میں ہے تو اس کی سورس لینگوئج پنجابی ہے اور اگر اسے اردو میں ترجمہ کرنا ہے تو ٹارگٹ لینگوئج اردو ہے۔
ٹرانسلیٹریشن:Transliteration
زبان وہی ہو اور رسم الخط دوسرا ہو۔
ٹرانس میوٹیشن Transmutation :
زبان کو کسی نظام کی شکل دینا۔ جیسے تحریری طور پر لکھا ہو کہ سگریٹ نوشی منع ہے تو اس کو تصویری نظام کے ذریعے سے ظاہر کرنا
ٹرانسکرپشن Transcription :
مخصوص اشاروں سے صوتی، معنوی اور لفظی جہت کو ظاہر کرنا
ترجمہ نگاری کے اصول:
• ترجمہ نگار کو ٹارگٹ لینگوئج اور سورس لینگوئج کے بارے میں آگاہی ہونی چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے تلفظ اور معانی سے آشنائی ہونی چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے رموز واوقاف کا پتہ ہونا چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کی اصطلاحات سے واقفیت ضروری ہے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے محاورات اور ضرب الامثال سے واقفیت رکھنا ضروری ہے۔
• اصل مفہوم پہنچانے کی کوشش کرنی چاہیئے۔
• سیاق و سباق اور مصنف کے مزاج کو سامنے رکھنا بہت ضروری ہے۔
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Hadith and Science of Hadith are the terms used by specialists of Hadith known as Mohaditeen. A hadith is a recorded statement, action or approval of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). It is considered as the second primary source of Islamic law after Quran. It is also a part of revelation. Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) described it through his words. The science of hadith examplifies the principles with which a specialist in the field of Hadith evaluates the authenticity and accuracy of narrations. In the past there were two specific and developmental stages for the Books of Hadith terminology. In its 1st stage, the Scholars focused on the compilation of the statements of earlier scholars, quoting the expressions they had used without evaluating those terms or suggesting terms applicable to those expressions. This methodology was adopted by the earlier scholars such as Yaḥyā ibn Ma`īn, `Alī ibn al-Madīnī, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj, and Al – Tirmidi. In the second period the Authors cited the quoted statements of the earlier works and began the collection and codification of relevant terms. In this period, the specific Principles were established. Examples of books authored in this manner are: Ma`rifah `Ulūm al-Ḥadīth by al-Ḥākim, Al-Kifāyah by al-Khaṭīb alBaghdādī and the Introduction of Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ. In this article the two major types of science of Hadith have been mentioned, Rewayat-ul-Hadith and Derayat-ulHadith. Its definition and historical background has been described.
The concept of security is a relational phenomenon and is important than other notions. It is synonymous to the territorial security of state and involves with fears of other states with which they interact. In this thesis, I comprehensively explained Pakistan‘s security dilemma since its inception in 1947 and its internal and external compulsions to Western sponsored SEATO and CENTO. The country‘s permanent problem arisen from India which has intensions to destabilize Pakistan or undue the partition. However, Pakistan faced multi-dimensional threats from East to West after 1979 when the Soviet invaded in Afghanistan (1979) and later in the post 9/11 (2001) when again Pakistan become front line state in the world. The arisen of the new threats made it vulnerable to Pakistan and the government introduced National Internal Security Policy (NISP) and National Action Plan (NAP) to prevent terrorism in the country. The result shows that, the military establishment and the law enforcement agencies continue changing their objectives and strategies against the terrorists to combat. Hence, the security establishment must keep pace with those progressions. The state must move beyond the conventional method of banning the groups and evolve a strategy to block militants‘ new channels for generating funds. It is indeed a real challenge for the civil military establishment to curb militancy in the country. The research will prove that the solution to curb this menace of terrorism lies in implementing the National Internal Security Policy (NISP) approach and in the implementation of National Action Plan (NAP) and this is only possible way to strengthened National Counter Terrorism Authority (NACTA) to establish the writ of government. Nonetheless, all segments of nation must be on one page and without the implementation of National Action Plan (NAP) the real peace and harmony will not be achieved.