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جادو کہیڑا سی تیرے حسن اندر۔۔

جادو کہیڑا سی دس ترے حسن اندر، جیہڑا دل کلیجہ چیر گیا
آیا جو وی تیری جوہ وچوں، اکھاں وچوں وگاوندا نیر گیا
سوئیاں وانگ پلکاں اتے اکھیاں تھیں ڈورے مستی دے پئے مہکدے نیں
ہک وار ڈٹھا جس یار میرا بن زلف دا اوہ اسیر گیا
ہک جھٹ اندر کی ہویا اے لگا پتا نہ مستی دے وچ مینوں
دے جھٹکا کالیاں زلفاں نوں پا زلفاں دی زنجیر گیا
پیا چمکے چہرہ چن وانگوں اتوں ہاسے شوخ نگاہواں دے
جیہڑا دوروں ویکھے ہس آکھے اوہ ویکھو بدر منیر گیا
واہ گجرے درود سلاماں دے پیا دم دم نال ادا کرنا
بن شافع، شافع محشر نوں بخش امت دی تقصیر گیا
نہیں ریساں اوس شہید دیاں جس وطن تے ویٹیا لہو اپنا
اوہنوں مردہ کہو نہ ہے زندہ، بن زندگی دی جاگیر گیا

Terrorism in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan: A Case Study of Safoora-Incident

Terrorism is contentious issue. It has affected the lives of people across the country. This paper analyses the factors for incidence of terrorism in Karachi city which has great economic importance for country. The city represents all communities belonging to various parts of the country. Migration of people from other provinces has significally changed demographic profile of the city. This study presents statistics about various offences committed in Hyderabad and Karachi. It describes important facts about the militant groups involved in the acts of terrorism in Karachi. It has been argued in the study that in some cases the acts of violence were politically motivated and in other cases terrorism acts were sponsored by religious groups. In order to understand the complex phenomenon of terrorism in Karachi, this study investigates the root causes of terrorism including economic deprivation. In most cases marginal sections of society have been found involved in the acts of terrorism. Thus, this study creates need for social reforms, poverty alleviation and provision of quality education. Further capacity-building of Law Enforcement Agencies to cope with this situation has been emphasized in this study. This paper also recommends some proposals for dealing with the issue of terrorism.

Noether Symmetries, Corresponding Conservation Laws and Applications

This thesis is based on a geometrical/physical analysis of the conserved quantities/forms related to each Noether symmetry of the geodetic Lagrangian of plane symmetric and spherically symmetric spacetimes. We present a complete list of such metrics along with their Noether symmetries of the geodetic Lagrangian. The conserved quantities corresponding to each Noether symmetry are obtained. Thereafter, a detailed discussion of the geometrical and physical interpretation of these quantities is given. Additionally, the structure constants of the associated Lie algebras are obtained for each case. Furthermore, we find the Ricci tensors to see which metrics are gravitational wave solutions and the scalar curvatures are obtained in each case to analyze the essential singularities. The stress-energy tensors and their traces are obtained in each case as these are the sources of spacetime curvature. The last part of this thesis is to use the symmetries to obtain the invariant solutions whenever possible. The problem of constructing the optimal system has been be used to classify invariant solutions. We intend to find the one-dimensional optimal systems of the Lie subalgebras for the system of geodesic equations by using Noether symmetries. Further, we find the invariants corresponding to each element of the optimal system. These invariants enable one to reduce the system of geodesic equations (nonlinear system of 2nd order ordinary differential equations (ODEs)) to a system of first order ODEs. The resulting systems are solved via known methods (e.g., separation of variables, integrating factor etc). In some cases, we are able to get exact solutions of the system of geodesic equations.
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