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اردو مصوتوں کا نظام

اردو مصوتوں کا نظام

کلام یا گفت گو کرتے ہوئے ایسی آوازیں جن کی ادائیگی میں منہ کے اندر کسی قسم کی رکاوٹ نہیں ڈالی جاتی، ان بغیر رگڑ یا رکاوٹ کے پیدا ہونے والی آوازوں کو مصوتے کہا جاتا ہے۔ بقول گوپی چند نارنگ:

’’وہ آوازیں جنہیں پیدا کرنے کےلیے ہواکےگزرنے کاراستہ نسبتاً کُھلا چھوڑدیاجاتاہے لیکن زبان اور ہونٹوں کی مختلف حرکات سے منہ کے اندرونی حصےکی شکل میں تغیر وتبدل کیاجاتاہے۔اس طرح پیداہونے والی آوازوں کو مصوتے کہاجاتاہے۔‘‘۵۱؎

مصوتے کو انگریزی زبان میں Vowelsاور عربی زبان میں حروفِ علت کہا جاتا ہے۔مصوتے کو اردو زبان میں سُر بھی کہتےہیں۔

مصوتوں کی ادائیگی کے دوران زبان کی تین طرح کی حرکت ہوتی ہے:

۱۔زبان کی نوک جب تالو کےسخت حصے کی طرف اٹھے اس طرح نکلنے والے مصوتے اگلے (Front) مصوتے کہلاتےہیں۔

۲۔جب زبان کا درمیانی حصہ اوپرتالو کی طرف اٹھے تو اس وقت پیدا ہونے والے مصوتوں کو مرکزی (Central) یا درمیانے مصوتے کہا جاتا ہے۔

۳۔ جب زبان کی جڑیاپچھلا حصہ اوپر نرم تالو کی طرف اٹھے تو اس وقت پیداہونے والے مصوتے پچھے (Back) مصوتے کہلاتےہیں۔

ان تین طریقوں سےپیدا ہونے والے مصوتوں کوماہرین لسانیات نے مختلف حصوں میں تقسیم کیاہے۔انگریزی زبان میں مصوتوں کی تعداد پانچ ہے۔ (a.e.i.o.u) انگریزی کے ان مصوتوں کوماہر لسانیات نےمزید ذیلی مصوتوں میں تقسیم کیاہے۔اردو میں مصوتوں کی تعداد مختلف ماہرین لسانیات نے مختلف لکھی ہے۔بقول ڈاکٹر محبوب عالم خان:

’’اردو کے دس اساسی مصوتوں کی نشان دہی ان بنیادی مصوتوں کے چوکٹھے میں زبان کی بلندی، جبڑوں کے فاصلے اور لبوں کی شکل کو مدِ نظر رکھتے ہوئے کی گئی ہے۔‘‘۵۲؎

Islamic Perspective on Social Welfare

The study was carried out with the core objective about Islamic principles and teachings regarding welfare and its observance in ‘Pakhtun’ society under interpretative methodology of social sciences in ‘Gadhar-Hamza Khan, Shankar and Jamal Garhi’ of District Mardan. For collection of the relevant primary data 30 participants were purposely selected through convenient sampling method and then thoroughly interviewed while using interview guide as tool of data collection. After collection of the data, different themes were derived which were properly analyzed and presented in sequential orders. The study concluded that the most of the participant were lacking enough knowledge about calculation and distribution Zkwāt and ‘Ashr as they used and considered both term terms interchangeably. The study further concluded that priority was given to ‘Ashr rather Zkwāt. Awareness and observance about teachings of Islam in true spirit, inclusion of reading materials in curriculum of schools, colleges and universities, and deliverance of religious sermons by clerics about promotion of welfare activities were presented some of the recommendations.

A Comprehensive Frame Work for Global and Domestic Asset Allocation

There are two main streams to deal with traditional asset allocation strategies i.e. theoretical approach and implementation approach. These approaches are the prime focus of this study. Portfolio optimization is based upon two fundamental ingredients i.e. estimation of return vector and covariance matrix. This study compares the 12 covariance matrix under four categories i.e conventional methods, factor models, portfolio of estimators and shrinkage approach. This study also compares the performance of 7 alternative ways for estimation of return vector. Study also develops portfolios based on mean-variance optimization, minimum variance portfolios, constraints portfolios and naïve diversification. This study first time introduces the ‘country risk’ as unprice risk factor in the Black-Litterman model and uses this augmented Black-Litterman formula (BL-CR) for the estimation of expected return vector. The comparison of asset allocation strategies are base upon the financial efficiency and diversification dimensions using 10 asset classes from 5 emerging Asian countries i.e. India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines & Thailand, 4 asset classes from global environment and 22 asset classes from Pakistan. Study reveals that factor models as a group outperform the competing covariance estimators in all the emerging countries. From the number of positive and negative weights to asset classes, maximum and minimum value of weights, other diversification measures of the mean-variance framework, it is reveal that mean variance portfolios are concentrated, mostly counterintuitive, results more short positions and highly sensitive to the choice of input. Similarly the financial efficiency of these portfolios is also highly sensitive to the input estimates. Results of asset allocation strategies suggest that, on an average, equally weighted portfolios result a competitive strategy in Pakistan and in global environment. Therefore study also recommends that investment managers and academia should at least consider the naïve diversification as a first obvious benchmark in comparison with other asset allocation strategies. The BL-CR model outperform the original model as it has relatively less short positions, more number of positive weight, less variance, low value of Herfindahl index and high value of excess sharp ratio. Therefore BL-CR model is more appropriate on mathematical and empirical ground in asset allocation than original model to disperse country risk. This study also recommends that investment managers and academia should consider the Black-Litterman model under country risk for tactical asset allocation decisions in emerging Asian countries.
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