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مولانا عبدالرزاق ملیح آبادی

مولانا عبدالرزاق ملیح آبادی
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ ہماری جماعت کے ممتاز رکن اور ندوہ کے نامور فرزند مولانا عبدالرزاق صاحب ملیح آبادی نے وفات پائی، انھوں نے متوسطات تک ندوہ میں تعلیم پائی، اور تکمیل جامعہ ازہر مصر میں کی تھی، علامہ رشید رضا کے خاص شاگردوں میں تھے، ان کا ذوق ابتدا سے سیاسی بلکہ انقلابی تھا، چنانچہ مصر کے قیام کے زمانہ میں قسطنطنیہ جاکر انور پاشا سے ملے، ان کی ملاقات نے سیاست اور آزادی کا نشہ اور تیز کردیا، پہلی جنگ عظیم کے بعد ہندوستان واپس آئے، اور کچھ دنوں تک مولانا عبدالباری فرنگی محلی رحمتہ اﷲ علیہ کے ساتھ رہے، جن کی ذات اس زمانہ میں مسلمانوں کی سیاست کا مرکز تھی، مگر مولانا عبدالرزاق کے خیالات اس زمانہ کی سیاست سے بہت آگے تھے، اس لئے زیادہ دنوں تک یہ ساتھ نہ رہ سکا۔
حسن اتفاق سے اسی زمانہ میں مولانا ابوالکلام کو ایک علمی و سیاسی رفیق کار کی تلاش تھی، اس کے لئے ان کی نگاہ انتخاب مولانا عبدالرزاق پر پڑی اور ان کو انھوں نے کلکتہ بلالیا، اس وقت سے وہ مولانا کے دامن سے ایسے وابستہ ہوئے کہ مرتے دم تک ان کا ساتھ نہ چھوڑا، وہ برسوں مولانا ابوالکلام کے سیاسی اور علمی کاموں میں ان کے دست راست رہے، چنانچہ دوسرے دور کے البلاغ اور ۱؂ مشہور عربی اخبار الجامعہ کے اڈیٹر مولانا ابوالکلام برائے نام تھے، ان کا پورا کام مولانا عبدالرزاق انجام دیتے رہے، الجامعہ ہندوستان میں عربی کا پہلا معیاری اخبار تھا، جس کی شہرت عرب ملکوں تک تھی، ہندوستان کے مسلمانوں میں عربی ادب و انشاء کا صحیح ذوق پیدا کرنے اور عرب ملکوں سے ان کا رابطہ استوار کرنے میں اس اخبار کا بڑا حصہ ہے، ان علمی و صحافتی مشاغل کے ساتھ سیاسی تحریکوں میں بھی علمی...

Analisis Budaya dalam Pembelian Perabotan Rumah Tangga secara Kredit Pada Keluarga Mampu di Desa Buatan II menurut Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

This research is motivated by the large number of well-off families who still buy household furniture on credit in Artificial Village II. This makes researchers interested in researching further the reasons why families are able to still buy goods on credit. The problem studied is how cultural factors influence the purchase of household furniture on credit among well-off families and what is the opinion of Sharia Economics regarding rich families who use credit to buy furniture for their homes. Field research uses qualitative field methods The data required for this situation is the buyer (well-off family) and seller who completed the credit trade exchange in Artificial Village II. Observations, interviews and documentation were used to obtain data. Analysis of qualitative descriptive data from this research reveals that cultural factors are the main reason why people in Artificial Village II can buy household furniture on credit. Many people in Artificial Village II do not understand what cultural factors exist in society, so without realizing it, culture is the main cause of people buying goods on credit. Islam does not forbid this strategy of buying and selling on credit because it can make it easier for people to get the goods they need because they don't need to spend money for it. That the support and conditions framed by Islam should be adhered to in carrying out trade exchanges to ensure harmony between associations and arrangements without any pressure.

Effect of Li2wo4 and Li3po4 Addition on the Sintering Temperature and Dielectric Properties of Batio3-Based Ceramics

The growing demand for multi-layer ceramic capacitor (MLCCs) in electronic industry has attracted immense research interest due their high capacitance, small size, reliability and excellent high frequency characteristics. Furthermore, a decrease in the sintering temperature of BaTiO3 (BT) based compounds without too much compromise on the dielectric properties is technologically important in the fabrication of MLCCs. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of Li3PO4 and Li2WO4 addition on the sintering temperature and dielectric properties of BT-based ceramics for their possible applications in MLCCs. A number of compositions in the (1-x)BaTiO3–xLi3PO4 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10) and (1-x)BaTiO3–xLi2WO4 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.10) series were prepared via a solid state reaction route and characterized in terms of phase purity, microstructure and electrical properties. Both the additives were found effective in lowering the sintering temperature of BT from ~1350 ºC to ~1150 ºC. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of tetragonal BT along with BaLiPO4 at x = 0.01-0.05 and another additional secondary LiPO3 phase at x = 0.10 in the case of (1-x)BaTiO3–xLi3PO4. The Li2WO4 added BT samples revealed the formation of tetragonal BT with an additional phase BaWO4 at x = 0.01-0.10. The dielectric constant for Li3PO4 added samples decreased from ~4288 to ~3600, remnant polarization from 6.70 μC/cm2 to 3 μC/cm2 and coercive field from 3.32 kV/cm to 2.5 kV/cm with an increase in x from 0 to 0.05. In the case of Li2WO4 added samples, the dielectric constant decreased from ~4288 to ~1064. The Curie temperature (Tc) peak of Li2WO4 added samples became more diffused and shifted towards room temperature with an increase in x from 0 to 0.10. The IV remnant polarization of Li2WO4 added samples decreased from ~6.70 μC/cm2 to ~2 μC/cm2 while the coercive field increased from ~3.32 kV/cm to ~7.5 kV/cm, when x was increased from 0 to 0.10. Moreover, for the (1-x)BaTiO3–xLi3PO4 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10) compositions, the bulk and grain boundary conductivities decreased as x was increased to 0.05, possibly due to a decrease in the grain size. While the activation energy of the grain boundary increased with an increase in x from 0.01 to 0.05 as a consequence of an increase in grain boundary area. Upon further increase in x to 0.10, the observed decrease in the activation energy (grain boundary) indicated a decrease in the concentration of grain boundaries and an increase in grain size of the secondary phases, for x = 0.10. The bulk and grain boundary conductivities of (1-x)BaTiO3–xLi2WO4 compositions also decreased with increasing x. The activation energy for the bulk decreased due to Li2WO4 addition (x = 0.01) and then increased upon further increase in the concentration of Li2WO4 (up to x = 0.05). On the other hand, activation energy for the grain boundary, initially increased with the addition of Li2WO4 (at x = 0.01) and decreased upon further increase in the concentration of the additive to x = 0.10. This may be due to the consequent increase in the concentration of the secondary phase (BaWO4) as well as a small increase in the grain size. These two electro-active regions (i.e., grain and grain boundary) having different thermal activation energies suggested two different transport mechanisms in the (1-x)BaTiO3–xLi2WO4 (where x = 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10) ceramics investigated in the present study. V In conclusion, these results suggest that Li3PO4 and Li2WO4 were effective in lowering the sintering temperature for BT–based ceramics and may be considered as potential candidate materials for the fabrication of MLCCs.
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