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۱-مَنْ

۱-مَنْ

"وَمَنْ أَظْلَمُ مِمَّنِ ٱفْتَرَىٰ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ كَذِباً" [[1]]

"اوراس شخص سے بڑھ کر ظالم کون ہوگا جو اللہ پر جھوٹ باندھے"۔

 



[[1]]     القرآن ،۶: ۹۳۔

Impact of Institutional Quality on Trade Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Pakistan

The trade economy is dependent upon the institutional quality of the country. It affects the ease of doing business in the economy. It is plausible to think that, how institutional quality can affect the trading performance of Pakistan. Small & medium enterprises (SMEs) are playing the role of the backbone of the trade sector in Pakistan. Contribution SMEs can be significantly improved, by improving the supporting macroeconomic indicators. This paper studies the short-run and the long-run association between SME trade growth and cost of production, relative prices, and Institutional quality in Pakistan. It also examines the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, between SME trade growth and institutional quality in Pakistan. This study utilizes secondary data, which is taken from multiple secondary sources, including the SMEDA, Pakistan Economic Survey, and world development indicators. The biannual data is assembled up for 38 observations from (2000 to 2019). This study uses Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bound testing method to examine the short run and long run connections between SMEs’ trade growth and macro-economic variables, like; relative prices, Cost of production. Gross Domestic Product, exchange rate, and institutional quality. These variables are selected from the available literature. The study finds that the short-run response of SMEs trade is not significant, but it significantly responds to macro-economic indicators in long run. The institutional quality has a non-linear relationship with SMEs trade growth. This indicates that the pollution heaven hypothesis holds valid even for the case of institutional quality and SMEs trading performance. The study focuses on the optimality of institutional quality for the optimal performance level of SMEs in Pakistan.

Pharmacological Screening of Different Extracts of Tribulus Terrestris for Neurodegenerative Disorders and Other Potential Activities

Oxidative stress is predominantly involved in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Conventional treatments are linked to harmful after-effects. Revolutionary herbal therapeutic agents are unmet clinical need to target neurodegeneration. Steroidal saponins, alkaloid and flavonoids are key phytochemicals of Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) accountable for its neuroprotective medicinal peculiarity. The objective of current study was to ensure the safety and to explore neuroprotective potential of T. terrestris. Physicochemical, phytochemical and GCMS analyses were carried out for characterization of plant. Acute toxicity, sub-acute toxicity and in vitro antioxidant activity were investigated. We measured the effect of T. terrestris methanol extract in aluminum chloride induced Alzheimer’s disease model and haloperidol induced parkinsonian rats by estimating behavioral and biochemical parameters. Open field test for locomotion and exploration, passive avoidance task for learning and memory, Y-maze and elevated plus maze for spontaneous behavior, memory and anxiety , hole board test for exploratory behavior and wire hanging test for neuromuscular coordination estimation were performed in anti-Alzheimer study. Catalepsy, head dipping, ladder climbing, foot printing and wire hanging behavioral task were carried out in anti-Parkinson’s study. The level of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity were estimated on brain homogenates of both neuroprotective studies. mRNA expression of pathological biomarkers was evaluated by RTPCR. GC-MS analysis showed highest % peak area (64.19) of benzene dicarboxylic acid. Toxicity signs and mortality were not observed during toxicity studies. TTME exhibited antioxidant properties by DPPH scavenging and by reduction potential. The results showed that TTME at a dose of 1000 mg/kg significantly improved (p ˂ 0.05) aluminum chloride, haloperidol induced neurotoxicity by modulating motor dysfunctions and cognitive disabilities, normalized the biochemical alteration of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase. Histopathological analysis revealed that TTME significantly reversed the degenerative changes, neurofibrillary tangles, neuroinflmmation and neuronal loss in the brain architecture. TTME significantly downregulated (p ˂ 0.001) the level of BACE-1, IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα and alpha synuclein mRNA expression. We concluded that Tribulus terrestris improved behavioral and biochemical parameters and therefore it will be effective in treatment of neurodegenerative disorders via myriad underlying mechanistic pathways.
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