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Home > Al-Basirah > Volume 1 Issue 2 of Al-Basirah

خاندانی تعلقات میں نفقہ کا اسلامی تصور |
Al-Basirah
Al-Basirah

Article Info
Authors

Volume

1

Issue

2

Year

2012

ARI Id

1682060032214_755

Pages

57-75

PDF URL

https://www.numl.edu.pk/journals/subjects/156109849904-AL-BASEERA%202%20(Vol.%201%20-%20Issue.%202)%20DEC-2012.pdf

Chapter URL

https://numl.edu.pk/journals/subjects/156109849904-AL-BASEERA%202%20(Vol.%201%20-%20Issue.%202)%20DEC-2012.pdf

Subjects

Family relations rights obligations expenses

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نور حسین نور میواتی

نور حسین نور میواتی(۱۹۴۵ء۔پ) چوہان کی ریاست الور(بھارت) کے علاقہ سپوات میں پیدا ہوئے ۔ قیام پاکستان کے بعد ان کے والدین بھارت سے ہجرت کر کے موضع رام رائیاں تحصیل ڈسکہ میں آباد ہو گئے۔ (۱۰۰۴) نور میواتی نظم گو اور غزل گو شاعرہیں۔ ان کے ہاں روایت اور جدت کا امتزاج ملتا ہے۔ وہ طبقاتی تفاوت کے خلاف اپنی شاعری میں نفرت آمیز احتجاج کی صدا بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ ان کے ہاں سیاسی اور سماجی شعور بھی ملتا ہے۔ انھیں بھوک، غربت، جبر ،اقربا پروری اور نا انصافی سے نفرت ہے۔ وہ اپنی شاعری میں ظلم و ستم ،بد امنی ،خوف ،دہشت گردی اور منافقت سے بھر پور استحصالی نظام کے خلاف صدائے احتجاج بلند کرتے نظر آتے ہیں:

رہتے ہیں شب و روز دھماکوں کے جہاں میں

 

ہر صبح نئی آہ و بکا دیکھ رہا ہوں

 

مکتب میں سیاست کی ہوا دیکھ رہا ہوں

 

قانون کو پاؤں میں دبا دیکھ رہا ہوں

 

â۱۰۰۵)

نور میواتی کی شاعری مبالغہ آرائی سے پاک ہے ۔وہ ایک حقیقت پسند انسان اور فنکار ہیں۔ وہ اپنی فن کاری میں حقیقت اور حق گوئی کو نظر انداز نہیں کر تے۔ سچائی اور صداقت ان کی شاعری کی ایک اہم خوبی ہے۔ انسانی زندگی غم اور خوشی کا مجموعہ ہے۔ ایسا نہیں کہ جس کے پاس غم ہے اس کے پاس خوشی نہیں اور ایسا بھی نہیں کہ جس کا دامن خوشیوں سے بھرا ہووہ غم سے دو چار نہیں ہوتا۔ میواتی انسان کی زندگی کی تلخ حقیقت کو جا بجا اپنی شاعری میں بیان کرتے ہیں:

گلوں کے دیس میں کانٹے بھی مہک جاتے ہیں

 

فضائے برق میں غنچے بھی دہک جاتے ہیں

 

â۱۰۰۶)

 

 

 

...

Admissibility of a Video As Evidence in a Court: its Presentation and Probative Value

To general public, all videos are perceived to be true, but they may not have probative value in the Court of law. The undertaken article analyzes the admissibility and probative value of a video presented as evidence before a court in the Criminal Justice System of Pakistan (CJSP). It analyzes the relevant law and diagnoses the problems with the video evidence through the lens of the judgments of Superior Courts. The court of law objectively ascertains that a video presented as evidentiary means bears significant relevance to the fact in question. It must be admissible under the law, and it must be proved to be genuine. To fill up the gap between a “Video” and a “Video Evidence”, there is a process, which is known as video authentication. It determines that the video contents are genuine, authentic, credible, unaltered, untampered and unfabricated. The study discusses various modes of video authentication. Precedents set by superior courts of Pakistan show that convictions have been made once the courts are satisfied with the credibility of video evidence. In the court of law, video evidence is normally presented after the completion of prosecution evidence. The video is played in court and is watched by the presence. But the researcher establishes that such process does not have legal justification. The article suggests that it would be legal and proper for the prosecution to produce the video evidence through the witness, during his evidence, who is either victim, witness, recorded and/or copied the video directly from original source such as C.C.T.V system and that witness would be subjected to cross examination.

Comparative Effectiveness of Public and Private Extension Services in Capacity Building of Rice Growers in the Punjab: A Case Study of District Gujranwala

Rice is the most significant crop in Pakistan. Its export brings main foreign exchange, generates employment for rural people and is the main food crop in the country. Unfortunately, its cultivated area and production is dwindling day by day due to technical inefficiency and lacking in built capacity of farmers. As public and private agricultural extension organizations are working to build capacity of farmers in the Punjab so this study focused on comparative effectiveness of public and private extension services in capacity building of rice growers in the Punjab, Pakistan. The study was conducted in the district Gujranwala, being the largest rice producing district in the Punjab province. There were six specific objectives outlined for the study: 1) to identify the demographic characteristics of the respondents; 2) to assess the knowledge level of the respondents; 3) to examine the contribution of public and private sectors in increasing the knowhow and skills of the respondents; 4) to determine the effectiveness of extension methods used by public and private organizations; 5) to ascertain the level of satisfaction of rice growers with public and private sectors; and 6) after gaining information about all these objectives develop an extension strategy for effective extension work in the Punjab. The research population was consisted of rice growers, served by both public and by private extension organizations. The sample of 342 out of 2,365 rice growers was selected by using Table developed by Fitz-Gibbon and Morris (1987). An interview schedule was developed and used as research instrument for quantitative assessment. To gauge the 19 quality of extension work in the area, focus group discussions (FGDs) and personal observation methods were employed. A suitable Likert Scale was used to compare performance of public and private. The data were analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences 24 (SPSS). It was found that about twenty-nine percent (28.7%) respondents were older than 50 years of age and a big number (46%) of rice growers had primary level education or less. About thirty six percent (35.9%) of the rice growers were smallholder farmers (5 acres or 2 hectares of land). One-fourth (25%) of the respondents were not aware about recommended nursery raising practices. It was also found that increase in technical knowhow and skills by public sector regarding nursery raising appeared leading area with mean value of 3.29 followed by sowing time (3.28), plant spacing (3.22) and harvesting (3.03) heading towards medium. Increase in technical knowhow and skills by private sector in nursery raising was also ranked 1st with mean value of 3.29 followed by irrigation scheduling (3.26), weeds/insect-pest/disease management (3.18), and maintenance of plant population (3.12) were ranked 2nd, 3rd, and 4th. Regarding use of extension methods, result demonstration used by public sector appeared the most effective extension method with mean value of 2.78 followed by farm & home visit (2.64), group discussions (2.49) and farmer days (2.39) which were ranked 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Private sector was leading in use of farmer days with mean value of 3.16 followed by lecture (2.86) and method demonstration (2.71) which was ranked 2nd and 3rd heading towards medium. The growers were highly satisfied with public sector regarding use of various extension methods (3.71), follow up visits (3.37) and farmer-extension linkage (3.25) while with private sector regarding provision of training facilities was ranked 1st with mean value of 3.65 followed by farmer-extension linkage (3.46) and follow up visits (3.35). It was concluded that generally, the growers were old; less educated; smallholder growers; unaware about latest varieties as well as about recommended production technologies. The contribution of public and private sector is better in specific areas. For example, public sector is doing better in crop management; and private sector in plant protection. The last but not the least, farmers were very less satisfied with public and private sector.