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بھٹو کا جیل سے خط

 بینظیر بھٹو کی سالگرہ پر جیل سے خط

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کا اپنی بیٹی بینظیر بھٹو کی سالگرہ پر جیل سے خط ۔۔۔بھٹو نے خط میں جن الفاظ کا استعمال کیا سن کر آپ کے آنسو چھلک پڑیں گے ۔جیالے ضرور یہ تاریخی الفاظ سنتے ،اس لیے ہم کہتے ہیں کہ زندہ ہے بھٹو زندہ ہے ۔

’’میری سب سے پیاری بیٹی !اس جیل کی سلاخوں میں تمہیں کیا تحفہ دے سکتا ہوں ۔جن سلاخوں سے میں اپنا ہاتھ باہر نہیں نکال سکتا ۔جو خود بھی نظر بند ہو اور اس کی ماں بھی نظر بند ہو ۔محبت اور ہمدردی کا پیغام ایک قید خانے سے دوسرے قید خانے میں کیسے جائے ؟ایک ہتھکڑی سے دوسری ہتھکڑی تک یہ مبارک باد کیسے پہنچے ؟تمہارے داد نے مجھے فخر کی سیاست سکھائی اور تمہاری دادی نے مجھے غربت کی سیاست کا سبق دیا ۔میں ان دونوں باتوں کو مضبوطی سے تھامے ہوئے ہوں ۔صرف عوام پر یقین رکھو اور ان کی فلاح کے لیے کام کرو اﷲتعالی کی جنت تمہاری والدہ کے قدموں تلے ہے اور سیاست کی جنت عوام کے قدموں تلے ہے ۔

 

 

Price Environment for Gold and Silver in the Context of the Development of Covid-19

The precious metals market is an integral part of the overall financial market. This part of the financial market plays an important role in the redistribution of financial flows. The precious metals market is currently under the influence of factors related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated the dynamics of gold and silver prices in the context of the current pandemic development. For this analysis, we use the wavelet ideology. The results can be used in exchange trading in precious metals, investing in gold and silver.

Determination and Reduction of Aflatoxins by Gamma Irradiation in Wheat, Maize and Rice

Cereals grown world-wide are used as staple food. Due to high temperature, humidity and non-scientific storage prevail the growth of certain species belong to family Aspergillus. Mycotoxins are small (MW ~700), toxic chemical products formed as secondary metabolites by fungal species that readily settle on crops and infect them with toxins in the field or after harvest, during transport and storage. These compounds cause a potential threat to human and animal health through the intake of food products prepared from these commodities. Generally, crops that are stored for more than a few days become a potential target for mould growth and mycotoxin formation. Mycotoxins can occur both in temperate and tropical regions of the world, depending on the species of fungi. The extraction, clean up and analysis methodology for aflatoxins in cereals (maize, rice and wheat) were validated and found it efficient and good in respect of recovery, reproducibility, repeatability, resolution and cost-effective. The extraction solvent (acetonitrile and water) gave ≥ 85% recovery in spiked cereal samples using MycoSep-226 column. The sensitivity (LOD) of HPLC- FLD was higher as compared to HPLC-UV-Vis after derivatization of sample extract with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The collected cereals samples from Faisalabad Division, Pakistan exhibited high level of aflatoxins but after treatment with γ-irradiation, more than 95% reduction in AFB 1 and ≥ 97% in Total (∑AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 and AFG 2 ) were observed at a dose of 6 kGy. Significant affect of radiation was found in wheat samples because substantial reduction (≥ 95%) was found in AFB 1 and total aflatoxins at high dose of radiation. The level of aflatoxin contamination was far behind that the recommended limits of EU and FDA, USA. From the results it is evident that γ- irradiation is a good technology to remove contaminants like aflatoxins from cereal commodities. The food quality of irradiated cereals was evaluated to study any chemical change in protein (amino acids), fatty acid composition and fungal biomass using different methods. The total biomass (CFU/g) showed linearity behaviour as increasing the dose level of gamma irradiation. In some samples of cereals, no microflora (fungi) was observed after 72 hrs. of incubation. The fatty acidcomposition revealed that linolenic acid and oleic acid showed decrease whereas no significant change was found in other fatty acids. The unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids remained same after γ-irradiation exposure. The amino acids profile showed that leucine, lysine, tryptophane and valine increased while methionine, phenylalanine and threonine decreased in composition as increased the dose level of exposure of gamma irradiation. Overall no major difference was observed in any essential amino acids. The permanent use of contaminated cereals in the area may pose certain diseases like hepatitis, cancer of liver or effect of other major organs of the human body.
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