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فصل سوم: آیاتِ استفہام میں فہم عبادات

ایمان لانے کے بعد انسان پر سب سے پہلے عبادت کا ادا کرنا لازم ہے ہر مذہب میں عبادت کا ایک خاص طریقہ ہوتا ہے جو مخصوص طریقے کے ساتھ ادائیگی کا حکم دیا جاتا ہے اسی طرح اسلام میں بھی نماز، روزہ، حج اور زكوة عبادات کی مختلف طرق ہیں اصل عبادت کی غایت یہ ہے کہ معبود صرف اللہ تبارک وتعالیٰ ہی کو ماننا ، صرف اسی کی عبادت کرنا ہر چیز میں اسی سے مدد طلب کرنا اسی کو حاجت روا اور مشکل کشا سمجھنا اسی کو مالک، خالق اور رب تسلیم کرنا اسی سے التجاء کرنا، ہر چیز کے لئے اسی کو پکارنا اور یہ یقین رکھنا کہ اللہ کے سوا کسی کے دائرہ اختیار میں کوئی چیز نہیں ہے اگر وہ نفع پہنچانا چاہے تو اسے کوئی روکنے والا نہیں ہے اور اگر ضرر پہنچائے تو اس کو کوئی ہٹانے والا نہیں ہے ہر طرح کی عبادت مثلاً قیام، رکوع، سجدہ صرف اسی کے لئے خاص ہے اور کسی اور کے سامنے جھکنا جائز نہیں۔

 انسانوں سے اللہ تعالیٰ نے انکی تخلیق سے پہلے ایک وعدہ لیا تھا جس کا ذکر قرآن مجید میں یوں مذکور ہے:

"اَلَسْتُ بِرَبِّكُمْ، قَالُوْا بَلٰي، شَہِدْنَا"۔[[1]]

" کیا میں تمہارا رب نہیں ہوں؟ اس وقت سب نے یہ کہا کیوں نہیں اے ہمارے رب!"۔

 سب نے اس وقت اللہ کی ربوبیت کا اقرار کیا تھا گویا کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی ربوبیت کا اقرار و اعتراف انسانوں کی فطرت میں داخل اور انکے وجدان میں شامل ہے۔

اللہ تعالیٰ کی ربوبیت کا مطلب اور اس کا تقاضا کیا ہے ؟اسکے جواب کے بارے میں بشیر احمد لودھی یوں رقمطراز ہیں:

 " انسان ازخود پیدا نہیں...

Payment of Zakat to Non-Muslims in the Light of Islamic Shariah

This study revisited the literature to find answer to an important question that whether Zakat could or could not be paid to the non Muslims? There are different arguments in favor of giving the Zakat to the needy Dhimmies (non Muslims) in an Islamic State.  After reviewing Islamic teachings, laid down in holy Quran and Sunnah, the practices of pious Caliphs, in the Islamic History, views of different Islamic schools of thought and the opinion of modern Islamic jurists, the study found that Quran and Sunnah allowed the payment of zakat to the Al-Muallaf-al-Qulub (poor non-Muslims and those, whose hearts are to be inclined). However, there are differences in the opinion of various Islamic schools of thought. For example, according to Maliki and Zaidi schools of jurisprudence it is lawful to give Zakat to the non-Muslims, where as Shyafee school of thought hold opposite opinion and does not allow the payment of Zakat to the non-Muslims. The modern Islamic jurists Muhammad Shaltut, Mustafa Al-Zarka, Taha Jabir, Syed Abual Aa la Maududi, Imam Khumany of Shia School of thought etc, argue that since modern states have become welfare states, it is therefore allowed to use zakat for the well-being of citizens including the non-Muslims. The recommendations given in this study are multidimensional that we will not only help the poor non-Muslims but also complement to eradicate poverty and reduce income inequality in Muslim countries

Effect of Home and Institution on the Development of English Language Skills in Southern Areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

The study aims to find out the effect of home and institution on the development of English language skills in Southern areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa i.e.to find out the attitude of the pupils towards basic language skills (reading and writing), to find out the effect of the Social Economic Status (SES) of the students on their language skills (reading and writing), to observe the effect of instructional strategies of English teachers regarding in the development of basic English language skills (reading and writing), to check the effect of co- curricular activities on the basic English languages skills (reading and writing).The population of the current study was 29945 9th class studentsof 606 secondarymale and female schools of southern areas. The sample of the study were 12 teachers and 379 students of secondary schools which were taken through Krejcie and Morgan rule (1970). Various research tools were used in this study included, a five point likert type attitude scale, socio economic status scale, an observation sheet, a checklist, tests in reading and writing English skills. All these tools were made valid and reliable before its administration. Research questions and hypotheses were developed in line with the objectives of the study the data of attitude scale was analyzed through percentage, data received from socio economic status was analyzed through mean, the data received from checklist was analyzed by using percentage and rank order, the data collected from observational sheet was analyzed by using chi square, t test and ANOVA were used for differentiating between the values of means of reading and writing scores of students across the locality and divisions respectively. The study concluded that dismal situation of English reading and writing skills of the students in southern areas is due to weak supportive environment of home and institution. The role of home and institution was found significant for improving reading and writing skills in English, and the study recommends both community link and institutional environment need to be made more rich/conducive for English language learning.
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