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گونہ تم سے ملی وفا مجھ کو

گو نہ تم سے ملی وفا مجھ کو
پھر بھی تم سے نہیں گلہ مجھ کو

میں بھی تم سے کنارا کر لیتا
کرنی آتی نہیں جفا مجھ کو

زندگانی گزارنے کے لیے
مرنا پڑتا ہے بار ہا مجھ کو

اُس کو مجبوریوں نے گھیرا تھا
کہہ نہ پایا وہ برملا مجھ کو

وہ نہ دھتکارتا مجھے تائبؔ
چاہے کرتا نہ کچھ عطا مجھ کو

PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM (PAI) MULTIKULTURAL PERSPEKTIF PEMBELAJARAN INTEGRATIF

Tulisan ini mengkaji tentang PAI multikultural sebagai model pembelajaran integratif yang memadukan antara ilmu pengetahuan dan agama. Dari aspek konten, multikulturalisme mengkaji keragaman bangsa, suku, warna kulit, bahasa, agama dan keragaman lain yang terbentang dalam realitas sosial kehidupan manusia sebagai ayat-ayat Allah yang bersifat kauniyah. Sedangkan PAI mempelajari normativitas ajaran Islam dan dimensi historis yang banyak termuat dalam al-Qur’an sebagai ayat-ayat Allah yang bersifat qauliyah. Pembelajaran kedua bidang keilmuan tersebut sama-sama sebagai proses pencarian kebenaran yang merujuk kepada Allah sebagai episentrum kebenaran Hakiki dan sumber ilmu pengetahuan. Dari konsep pembelajaran integratif yang dikemukakan pemikir Islam dan Barat, PAI multikultural berada pada pola relasi antardispliner, yaitu integrasi antara ilmu umum dan ilmu agama. PAI multikultural sebagai pembelajaran integratif tergambar pada aspek: tujuan, materi, metode, media dan sumber belajar dan penilaian yang saling terintegrasi dalam membentuk kompetensi beragama peserta didik secara integral, yaitu: keterpaduan antara unsur duniawi dan ukhrawi, antara dimensi spritual dan intelektual, antara ranah personal dan sosial dalam konteks membangun harmoni kehidupan warga sekolah, masyarakat dan bangsa Indonesia yang pluralistik dari segala aspeknya.

Redox Behavior, Spectroscopic Characterization and Biological Activities of Some New Robustly Electro-Active Compounds

The correlation of biological activities of compounds with their redox properties is the subject of extensive investigations of bioelectrochemists. Schiff bases, quinones and naphthalenes contain electroactive moieties and their broad range biological activities are closely related with the ability of these compounds to donate and/or accept electrons. We synthesized Schiff bases 1-((4-bromophenylimino) methyl) naphthalen- 2-ol (BPIMN) and 1-((2,4-dimethylphenylimino)methyl)naphthalen-2-ol (HL) and used HL as a ligand for the preparation of its metallic complexes. All the synthesized compounds were confirmed by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, FTIR, TGA and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Structures of Schiff bases were also characterized by X-ray analysis and the experimental findings were supported by quantum mechanical calculations. The results of BPIMN were compared with a structurally related Schiff base, 1-((4- chlorophenylimino) methyl) naphthalen-2-ol (CPIMN). The photometric and electrochemical fate of all these Schiff bases were investigated in a wide pH range and the obtained results helped in proposing the redox mechanistic pathways. The synthesized compounds were subjected to numerous biological applications and the results revealed that Schiff base HL and its metal complexes other than oxovanadium complex remarkably decrease the blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The metal complexes were found to exhibit significant inhibition against alkaline phosphatase enzyme as compared to Schiff bases. The zinc complex was found as the most potent inhibitor of bacteria/fungi while the vanadyl product displayed the least activity among all the metal coordinated products. Quinones, another biologically important class were also investigated due to their robust electrochemical properties and wide range of biological activities. The laxative and therapeutic activities of quinones are related to their redox characteristics. Electrochemically unexplored hydroxy substituted quinones including 4-hydroxy-5-methoxynaphthalene-1-ylacetate (HMNA), 1,4-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy- 3-(trichloromethyl)pentyl)-8-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione 2(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione anthracenedione acetate (DHDN) (HACAD), (HAC), (HCAQ), 1-hydroxy- 1,8-dihydroxy-4,5-dinitro 4,8-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-1-yl 1,4,5-trihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione (HAD) and 1,4,5- trihydroxy-2-methyl-3-(3-oxobutyl)anthracene-9,10-dione (HOAD) were selected and their redox behavior was studied in a wide pH range using modern electrochemical techniques. Kinetic parameters such as diffusion coefficient and iiiheterogeneous electron transfer rate constant and thermodynamic parameters of the electron transfer processes such as ∆G # , ∆H # and ∆S # were electrochemically evaluated. Their redox mechanisms were proposed on the basis of experimental findings supported by computational calculations. Moreover, a detailed UV–vis spectroscopy was carried out in a wide pH range for photometric characterization and acid-base dissociation constant, pK a determination. Though naphthalene by itself is toxic, however, some of its derivatives are bestowed with medicinal properties. Two biologically important naphthalene derivatives, naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (NDA) and 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene (DMN) were characterized by electrochemical techniques and screened for their antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities. NDA was found less toxic to HeLa cells and biological antioxidant studies revealed it as a more effective antioxidant as compared to DMN and standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid. Both NDA and DMN significantly increased the cholesterol level in blood but showed varied biological activities as regards to glucose and triglyceride concentrations. The cytotoxicity results evidenced DMN to significantly inhibit the cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner. Like the biological antioxidant studies, the electrochemical results also witnessed NDA as stronger antioxidant than DMN. pH dependent oxidation of NDA revealed its antioxidant role to be exerted both by the donation of electrons and protons. Although the oxidation potential of NDA is greater than the widely used natural antioxidant, ascorbic acid, yet it is capable of donating two electrons as compared to one electron donating ability of ascorbic acid. The redox mechanistic pathways proposed in this work are expected to provide useful insights about the unexplored mechanisms by which Schiff bases, quinones and naphthalenes exert their biochemical actions.
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