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امین بابر کی ماہیا نگاری

امین بابر کی ماہیا نگاری

ماہیا سر زمین پنجاب کا عوامی گیت ہے۔ ماہیا کا لفظ ماہی سے نکلا ہے۔لیکن یہ اردو والاماہی نہیں ہے۔ویسے ماہیا میں محب اپنے محبوب کی جدائی میں ماہی بے آب کی طرح بھی تڑپتا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔ماہیے میں پنجاب کے عوام کے جذبات ،احساسات اور خواہشات کا خوبصورت اور براہ راست اظہار ملتا ہے۔عوام نے اپنی امنگوں اور دعاؤں کو اس شاعری کے ذریعے سینہ بہ سینہ آگے بڑھایا اور زندہ رکھا۔اسی لیے یہ عوامی گیت اپنی ظاہری صورت میں انفرادی ہونے کے باوجود اپنی سوسائیٹی کی ترجمانی کرتا ہے۔ماہیا فکر و خیال سے تہی نہیں ہوتا لیکن گہرے فلسفیانہ انداز ہی اس کے مزاج کا اہم حصہ ہے۔عوام کے دل میں سما جانے والے مزاج کے باعث ماہیا فکر سے زیادہ جذبے کو اہمیت دیتا ہے۔تاہم اس کا یہ مطلب بھی نہیں کہ اس میں رمز وکنایہ سے کام نہیں لیا جاتا۔ماہیے میں جذبوں کا رس رمز و کنایہ کی مٹھاس سے مل کر انوکھی لذت پیدا کر دیتا  ہے۔

محبوب کے ساتھ محبت کا اظہار والہانہ پن،معاملہ بندی،چھیڑ چھاڑ،ہجر وصال،شکوے شکایتیں ماہیے کے ابتدائی موضوعات تھے۔ماہیے کے موضوعات میں وسعت پیدا ہوئی تو رشتہ داریاں ،میلے ٹھیلے،شادی بیاہ اور دوسرے روز مرہ زندگی کے معاملات اور تقریبات بھی ماہیے میں اپنا رنگ جمانے لگیں۔حمد و نعت اور دعا کے دینی موضوعات ماہیے کا موضوع بننے لگے زندگی کے مسائل بھی ماہیے میں بیان ہونے لگے۔یوں ماہیا پنجابی معاشرے کے جذبات کا ترجمان بنتا گیا۔اگرچہ زندگی کے مسائل اور ان سے جڑے ہوئے مختلف انسانی جذبات کا اظہار ماہیا میں وسعت اور تنوع پیدا کرتا ہے تاہم پنجابی ماہیے کا سی غالب موضوع اپنے ماہی سے باتیں کرنا اور اپنے ماہی کی باتیں کرنا ہے ماہیے کے اسی غالب موضوع سے ماہیے کا مزاج...

الفكر السياسي الإسلامي وتطوره من الشورى إلى الديمقراطية

There has been a tussle going on between Islam and democracy for many decades in the Muslim world which has benefited most certainly the anarchic factions like kings, lords and army dictators. Though democracy is close to Islam and thought to be the best of all types of governments as majority is authority in it that may make or mar the government. In a democratic setup, the individual and personal rights and freedom are considered which is why it is preferred more these days. Many as Muslim thinkers are also in favor of it, but still there is a large faction of clerical scholars who deem democracy as the root of all evils since it empowers general public as an authoritative and decisive force. However with the passage of time, the Islamic counseling system has evolved and come very close to the spirit of democracy. Therefore, may contemporary scholars hold Islamic counseling and democracy almost similar. This article aims to present a preview of democracy and counseling in the light of what the Ulema (Scholars) say about it.

Serodiagnosis, Epidemiology and Economic Importance of Hypodermosis in Goats in Balochistan

Hypodermosis, caused by warble fly Przhevalskiana silenus (Order: Diptera, Family: Oestridae), is an endemic parasitic infestation of goats in Pakistan. The larvae of this fly, obligatory parasite of their hosts, are economically very important causing severe losses to leather industry. This infestation is also responsible for growth retardation, carcass depreciation and production losses in milk and meat. Keeping in view the importance of this infestation, studies were designed on serodiagnosis, epidemiology and economic importance of hypodermosis in goats in northern uplands of Balochistan, Pakistan, with the objectives to diagnose warble fly infestation at early stages through serology for better control and eradication strategies, to study different epidemiological factors (age, sex, breed, temperature, humidity and rain fall) contributing goat warble fly infestation, to compare seroprevalence over the prevalence based on clinical examination and to study the economic importance of hypodermosis in the study area. The duration of the study was one year (April 2011 to March 2012) and the most prevalent breed of goat i.e. khurasani breed in uplands of Balochistan was involved in the study which was compared with the non-descriptive breed of goat. In the first experiment, a total of 1440 sera samples were processed by commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX hypodermosis serum antibody test) method. The infestation was detected in May (summer) while the infestation is usually detected in the months of October until February (winter) by clinical palpation method when warbles appear on the backs of the animals. ELISA based seroprevalence showed the highest mean percentage (48.45 % ± 16.14) of goat hypodermosis. In the second experiment on epidemiology, the mean percentage was 15.94 % ± 5.65 by clinical palpation method in the field. In the slaughter house and skin market studies, the mean percentages were 9.07 % ± 3.90 and 7.16 % ± 3.39, respectively, while the mean intensity was 16.19 ± 3.04 holes per skin. Analysis 1of data by Pearson Chi-square test (χ2), revealed highly significant differences (P<0.05) in the overall prevalence of hypodermosis in the fields, slaughter houses and skin markets district-wise. The prevalence was significantly higher in the field animals than the slaughtered animals. Month-wise highest prevalence was noted in January and lowest in October in the field animals. Age-wise prevalence was highest (P<0.05) in the age group of 1-2 years as compared to < 1 year and > 2 years of age groups whereas no significant difference (P<0.05) was observed sex-wise and breed-wise. The life cycle of warble fly in naturally infested goats was studied from April 2011 to March 2012. First instars larvae (L1) were observed in subcutaneous tissues from mid of May to mid of July in slaughter houses of the study areas, second instars larvae (L2) from mid of July to November and third instars larvae (L3) were palpated in the field animals from December until the end of February. The pupal period was observed in early spring in the months from March to mid April while the adult fly activity season (Oviposition period) was observed in early summer from mid April to mid May. In the third experiment, the overall loss due to skin damages by warble fly infestation was calculated as Pak. Rupees 7578625.49 (Pak. Rs. 7.57 million = US$ 77530.69, US$ 1= Rs. 97.75) annually. Based on the early detection studies, it is concluded and recommended that the best time for the treatment of goat warble fly infestation in uplands of Balochistan is in the months of June and July when first larval instars are still in migratory stage and not yet have caused damage to the skin while the farmers usually treat their animals against warble fly in the winter season when they observe the warbles on the back of the animals but at that stage the larvae have damaged the skins of the animals.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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