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لگدی اے انج تاں پیاری حیاتی

لگدی اے انج تاں پیاری حیاتی
کیڈی اے دکھاں دی ماری حیاتی
جدوں موت دا سانوں آندا اے سدّا
اگوں دی کردی تیاری حیاتی
دکھاں تے بھکھاں دے اندر جو گزرے
کھلے توں ایہو جئی ماری حیاتی
بڑا مان اوس نوں ہے دنیا دے اتے
پر موت اگے ہے ہاری، حیاتی
خوباں دی مستی جے تھوڑی جئی ہووے
مٹھی تاں نہیں پر کراری حیاتی
روندی پئی اے جو اولادِ آدم
روندا رہیا سی اوہ ساری حیاتی
کی رب اگے جا کے عمل سوہنے دیسیں
ستاں جو رہیا ایں ساری حیاتی

Moral Dichotomy: Coetzee’s Stance on Moral Dilemma in Postmodernist Society in Disgrace

Coetzee anticipates the moral dilemma of today's individuals, in order to achieve his aim torevert the current trends in moral philosophy which has marked morality with individual partialities. The morality of self/will has pervaded in the society with substantial philosophical argumentation as well. This research intends to study Dionysian morality in comparison with modern (Appolonian) principles of morality as presented by Coetzee. The research is planned to differentiate the two by presenting their roots with logical reasons; Nietzsche's conception of morality and the need of Freudian repression. In the context of Disgrace Coetzee developed his moral theory through circumstantial justice with such a force that all reasons given by Overman (Übermensch) of Nietzsche fail. The paper will unveil the relationship of power and the need for justice. Coetzee proves the importance of Freudian Repression Theory that makes everybody responsible for the concord in a society. The cultivation of Dionysian concept of life only brings disgrace to man, and such philosophies can only be supported when the individual is in power, vulnerability in the society makes man to understand the value of morality and exercise of proper judicial system. South Africal context of the novel situates the anticipation of Dionysian cult in more understanding way to the audience. To avoid social Darwinism, state institutions should come in action in order to ensure the equal power distribution among the masses. Uneven distribution of power creates only oppressors and victims in the society, which further lead society to chaos. Coetzee proves the importance of circumstantial justice over the institutional justice, as institutional justice can punish only but the transformation of transgressor only takes place with circumstantial justice and for the betterment of society, transformation provides better results than punishment because institutions do create a different power structures that also work to suppress people.

Reference Intervals for Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Derived from Black African Blood Donors at a University Teaching Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya

Introduction: Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) are important coagulation screening tests that give an insight into how well the extrinsic and intrinsic arms of the coagulation cascade are performing. For correct interpretation of laboratory results and avoidance of errors and misdiagnosis, population specific RIs are most appropriate. In a healthcare setting, it is up to the laboratory to establish RIs for use for the particular analytes that they run, or at least verify the RIs availed by the manufacturer of the reagents for a particular analyte. Objectives: This study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) for both PT and APTT at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi (AKUH-N) laboratory using black African blood donors. In doing so the study also looked into factors that might lead to differences in the intervals; gender, age and blood group Methods: As per clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines, at least 120 male and 120 female black African donors were recruited, and samples collected for PT and APTT, after informed consent. Data on age, gender, blood group, PT and APTT results were entered into Microsoft Excel® spread sheet for analysis. Data Analysis: Analysis of the data was performed using SPSS® and reference value advisor v2.1. CLSI guidelines for determining reference intervals were used. RIs derived from the study were compared to the RIs provided by the manufacturer of the platform using the reference change value (RCV). Mann–Whitney U test was performed to determine differences between groups. Pearson’s correlation was run to see if there was any correlation between PT/APTT and age. Results: A total of 258 study participants were enlisted. The PT reference intervals were 10.50–13.30 seconds while the APTT reference intervals were 24.13-35.10. Based on reference change value (RCV), both were significantly higher than manufacturer provided intervals. There was a statistically significant lower PT and APTT in females as compared to males (U=3971 p<0.0005; U=5924.5 p 0.004), while blood group O participants had a significantly higher APTT compared to non-O participants (U=5613 p 0.004). Our study also found a weak negative correlation of PT with age (Pearson coefficient -0.127, p 0.049). Conclusion: We report a reference interval for PT and APTT for black African adults that is significantly different from the manufacturer provided RIs and recommend adoption of the same by our laboratory. We further recommend stratification of RIs according to gender due to the significant difference in
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