سیالکوٹ میں صوفیانہ شاعری کی روایت
اردو ادب میں عرفان و تصوف کی روایت ایک بلند مقام و مرتبہ رکھتی ہے۔اردو کے ہر بڑے شاعر نے صوفیانہ تصورات میں اپنے جوہر دکھا کر عشق ِخدا سے اپنے ایمان کو منور کیا ہے۔ تصوف میں خدا کے حوالے سے کائنات ،موجودات اور اسرارو رموز کا بیان کیا جاتاہے۔ ہندوستان کے بڑے بڑے اردو دبستانوں میں صوفیانہ شاعری کی روایت کا اپنا مقام ہے۔ان دبستانوں میں اردو ادب کے بڑے بڑے مشاہیر پیدا ہوئے اور صوفیانہ شاعری کی روایت میں اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ان دبستانوں میں سیالکوٹ کا علاقہ بھی ایک اہم دبستان کی حیثیت رکھتا ہے ۔پیش ِ نظر آرٹیکل میں سیالکوٹ کے کچھ شعرا کی صوفیانہ شاعری کا تحقیقی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ پیش کیا گیا ہے۔کلامِ اقبال میں تصوف بھی ایک نمایاں موضوع ہے۔اقبال کا فطری رجحان متصوفانہ فکر و فلسفہ کی طرف تھا ۔یورپ میںیورپی فلسفہ پڑھنے سے یہ میلان اور بھی زیادہ قوی ہو گیا تھا کیونکہ یورپی فکروفلسفہ کا رجحان وحدت الوجود کی طرف تھا ۔قرآن پاک پر تدبر کرنے اور تاریخ اسلام کا بغور مطالعہ کرنے کے بعد اقبال کو اپنیغلطی کا احساس ہوا اور انہوں نے قرآن کے مطالعہ کی وجہ سے سےاپنے قدیم نظریہ کو ترک کردیا۔ اقبال کو اس مقصد کے لئے اپنے طبعی رجحانات کے ساتھ دماغی و قلبی جہاد کرنا پڑا ۔اقبالؒ کے درج ذیل اشعار میں یہ رجحان واضح طور پردیکھا جا سکتا ہے:
چمک تیری عیاں بجلی میں،آتش میں ،شرارے میں
جھلک تیری ہو یدا چاند میں سورج میں ،تارے میں
جو ہے بیدار انساں میں وہ گہری نیند سوتا ہے
شجر میں پھول میں حیواں میں پتھر میں ستارے میں(1)
یہ ابتدائی وقت تھا جب اقبال ؒ وحدت ولوجود کے فلسفہ سے بہت زیادہ متاثر تھے لیکن بعد میں قرآن و حدیث...
Consideration of illness in the rulings of Islamic Sharia fully understands and estimates the danger and potential loss in case of illness. Islamic Sharia has given illness a complete consideration. Sometimes human needs blood which is important for life as is oxygen. Without blood, it’s not possible to survive. Blood is needed in certain amount and God has given us some surplus amount in the body which comes into action in case some blood is flowed from the body. This extra blood can save human life. Previously it was not possible to preserve the extra blood but now advancement of science has made it possible to save it and to use it to help some lives of other people. An ill person can be helped and saved by injecting the needed blood. Nowadays blood banks are working all over the world and are helping save lives of human beings. Blood transfusion is not only permitted rationally, ethically and traditionally but it is a matter of great reward to help humanity. So, establishing blood banks is purely a human activity and a very good thing. This article discusses blood banks and its establishment under the light of Islamic Sharia.
Aspergillus flavus is a world-wide threat to human, animal and plant health due to the production of aflatoxins in many food and feed products. In first phase of the study, the incidence of aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus was evaluated in cattle feed, water and milk from three districts of Punjab province of Pakistan (Rawalpindi, Gujrat and Okara) due to high incidence of aflatoxins in dairy products of those areas. In total, 39 of the hundred samples collected were contaminated by A. flavus. Specifically, the incidence of A. flavus was 54.28 %, 53.3 % and 11.42 % in feed (n=35), water (n=30) and milk (n=35) samples, respectively. These strains were further investigated for their aflatoxigenic nature using cultural (fluorescence under UV-light and NH4OH vapor induced color change test) and molecular (PCR) methods. The UV method indicated aflatoxigenic potential in 62 % of strains, and the ammonia vapor test showed 54 % of samples to be positive for aflatoxin production. The UV test is more sensitive than the ammonia test; however, comparable results from both methods strengthened our confidence in the findings. PCR detection of aflatoxin producing cluster of A. flavus was done by employing primers for four structural genes i.e. nor-1, ver-1, omt-A, aflR and two primers were used to distinguish A. flavus from A. parasiticus. The omt-A and aflR genes were regarded as potential markers for aflatoxins production because these genes were amplified in all those strains that were regarded as aflatoxigenic based on cultural methods for aflatoxin detection. It was demonstrated that, in addition to feed, water also acts as a potential threat for aflatoxigenic A. flavus entry into the food chain of the studied region. Moreover, the combined use of cultural and molecular methods, used in this study, can provide a cheaper and faster way to detect aflatoxigenic A. flavus in food and feed samples in developing countries. Fungal secondary metabolites have long been investigated for their pathogenic and therapeutic roles. Numerous biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) have been studied in order to decipher the roles of these genetic clusters. A previous study found that Ralstonia solanacearum, a soil-borne bacterium produces a lipopeptide, ralsolamycin, that lowers the expression of a BCG, named as imq, in A. flavus. The transcription factor of this gene cluster, imqK, regulates the synthesis of tripeptide-derived alkaloids, imizoquins. In second phase of this study, imizoquins were found to promote spore germination in A. flavus and few related fungi by acting as endogenous antioxidants to provide protection against germination inhibitory effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition to their role in fungal development, imizoquins also counteract the delaying effects of ralsolamycin extracts on germination and inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum in a bacteriostatic manner. Thus, this study highlighted the role of secondary metabolites in bacterial-fungal interactions. In third phase of the study, the use of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) microorganisms for the biocontrol strategy against aflatoxigenic A. flavus was investigated. Thirteen Geotrichum candidum strains were used in the study, of which ten strains were locally isolated from dairy products and three strains were procured from University of the Caen, France. These strains were individually assessed for anti-A. flavus activity as well as in combination with four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains which included three Lactococcus garvieae strains QAULG01, QAULG02, QAULG03 and a Lactococcus lactis strain QAULG04. The antagonistic potential of G. candidum strains and their combinations with the lactic acid bacteria were assessed by well diffusion assays. G. candidum strain (QAUGC01) and the combination of QAUGC01+QAULG01 gave the best antagonism and yielded the inhibition zones of 19 mm and 30 mm, respectively. The organic extracts obtained from the cell free supernatants of the two samples i.e. QAUGC01 and QAUGC01+QAULG01 yielded the most promising results, and the organic extract from QAUGC01 provided 20 mm inhibitory zone against A. flavus mycelial growth. One of the active metabolites of the cell free supernatants of the two samples was identified to be a derivative of butanoic acid. In conclusion, it is demonstrated through these studies that microbial interaction studies provided useful information regarding the small biomolecules that microorganisms (e.g. LAB from cattle gut, G. candidum from dairy products and R. solanacearum from rhizosphere) use to antagonize and halt the proliferation of nearby residing microbial competitor (e.g. A. flavus in this study).