تمهيد
الحمد لله سبحانہ وتعالیٰ وأصلي علی حبیبہ ورسولہ وخاتم الأنبیاء والمرسلین وبعد:
أقدم ھذا الکتاب الذي هو نتیجۃ تعبي وجھدي ومثابرتي وإرشادات أساتذتي ،لقُراء وأُدباء اللغۃ العربیۃ کي یکون مرجعاً مفیداً لھم في أبحاثھم في الشعر العربي أو الشعر الأردو، فإنني بحثت عن شعراء العصر الجدید في الدول العربیۃ وشعراء العصر الحديث في الباکستان في مختلف اللغات وخاصۃ في الأدب الأردو ، فھناک شخصیتان معروفتان وامرأتان عظیمتان وشاعرتان بارعتان لفتتا انتباھي وأعجبني أسلوبھما وأفکارھما ومھارتھما في صناعۃ الأفکار الجدیدۃ من المعاني القدیمۃ؛ إحداها عراقية عربية اللغة وهي ( نازك الملائكة) والثانية باكستانية أُردية اللغة وهي ( بروين شاكر)، فبذلک قمت بالمقارنۃ بین شعراء العرب وشعراء الباکستان، ثم قمت بالمقارنۃ بین نازک الملائکۃ وبروین شاکر منذ ولادتھما إلی وفاتھما في جمیع النواحي وفي کل الأمور وخاصۃً- وھو الأھم- قمت بالمقارنة بین أشعارھما وقصائدھما بشکل مجمل مفھوم بسيط دون التدقیق في البلاغۃ والنقد. ومن خلال بحثي اكتشفتُ الكثير من أسرار حياتِهما والكثير من أفكارهما الفلسفية والعلاقات الرومانتيكية، وأحوال الحياة من أفراح وأحزان ومتاعب ومصائب الأيام، وھُنا لم أدع بأنني بلغتُ الکمال في علمي وبحثي فالکمال لِله وحدہُ سبحانہُ وتعالیٰ لا شریک لہ، وأدعو المولی عز وجلّ أن یجعل ھذا العمل خالصاً لوجہ الکریم، وأن یوفقني لإتمام ھذا الكتاب علی أکمل وجہ قدر المستطاع۔
وما توفیقي إلا باﷲ وھو ولي التوفیق۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔
الكاتبة
دكتورة: مکية نبي بخش
Benazir Bhutto happened to be the first constitutionally chosen female leader of any Muslim country in Modern times. She ascended to office amid the legacy of General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime and civil-military bureaucracy that prompted diverse deterrence for her governments and abstained her from the application of her constitutional power. The essence of challenges was mostly political, but the grounds that created these abysses were political and gender partiality. Based on the above discourse, this article attempts to underline the torments confronted by Benazir being the new chapter in our political society. This is the empirical account of Benazir’s twin governments grounded on the views of important politicians who sight and accompanied her in her journey of power. To ponder the reasons that refrained Benazir from having true legal authority the study is divided into the following parts: (1) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the first tenure of her Prime Ministership (1988-90), (2) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the second tenure of her Prime Ministership (1993-1996). The PPP government had made some new political strides in general, but it was persistently controlled by the army. In the first government, the brass leadership and opposition and in later government civil-military bureaucracy and opposition impaired the democratic traditions. However, amid all this Benazir succeeded to do some pragmatic politics and defying the anti-PPP mindset.
Background: Gestational hyperglycaemia is associated with a higher incidence of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes than is seen in normal pregnancy. Untreated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has an increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Morbidity related to macrosomia includes shoulder dystocia with birth injury and perinatal asphyxia in the fetus. In the mother, macrosomia is a risk factor for genital tract injury, obstructed labour, uterine atony and increased risk of Caesarean section. Long term sequelae in the baby include obesity, development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, intellectual and neurological developmental problems. For the mother, GDM is a very strong risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes later in life. Published studies show that after GDM, 35-60% of women develop type 2 diabetes within 10 years. Therefore it is prudent that gestational diabetes is diagnosed and appropriate treatment and monitoring instituted. Screening is an important component of the diagnostic process.
Objectives: To compare detection rates of the universal to the selective risk factor-based screening strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus.
Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study involving 185 participants consecutively recruited at or less than 28 weeks gestation . All participants had their risk factors for gestational diabetes identified and recorded at the beginning of the study then underwent the 50g oral glucose challenge screening test. Detection rates and prevalence of universal and selective strategies were calculated and compared. An exploratory analysis of risk factors was also done.
Results: The Prevalence of an abnormal screening test in the sample with risk factors was 12.0% (95% CI: 6.0%, 17.9%) and in the sample without risk factors it was 19.1% (95% CI: 9.5%, 28.7%).
Conclusion: Overlap of confidence intervals indicates no evidence of a difference between the screening strategies. However despite the non-significant, higher detection rates by the universal strategy, clinical practice safety demands that as many cases of gestational diabetes as possible are detected because of adverse clinical correlates hence justifying universal screening.