مولانا معین الدین اجمیری
دوسرا حادثۂ وفات حضرت مولانا معین الدین اجمیری کاہے جو ۱۰ محرم الحرام ۱۳۵۹ھ کواجمیرمیں پیش آیا۔مولانا کی ذات ہندوستان کے علماء میں ایک نمایاں مقام رکھتی تھی وہ علم وعمل دونوں کے پیکر تھے۔منطق وفلسفہ میں ان کومولانا ابوالبرکات ٹونکی مرحوم سے تلمذ خاص حاصل تھا، لیکن عام علماء منطق وفلسفہ کے برخلاف وہ دینیات اورعلوم قرآن وحدیث میں بھی درخور وافر رکھتے تھے۔اجمیر میں کتاب وسنت کی روشنی جو کچھ نظر آتی ہے اُنہی کے دم سے قائم تھی۔پھر طرفہ یہ ہے کہ وہ صرف ارباب درس وتدریس اوراصحاب وعظ وارشاد میں سے ہی نہ تھے بلکہ اُن کاشمار اُن ابطال عزیمت وحریت میں تھا جواعلاء کلمۃ اﷲ کی خاطر کانٹوں سے بھری ہوئی راہ کو دیکھ کر دل میں ذراخوف وہراس محسوس نہیں کرتے، اور ’’دل خوش ہواہے راہ کوپُرخار دیکھ کر‘‘پڑھتے ہوئے اُسے اپنے لیے’’تختہ گل‘‘ جان کربے خوف وخطر عبورکرجاتے ہیں اور’’بخاک وخون غلطیدن‘‘کو’’عاشقان پاک طینت‘‘کاشیوۂ خوش یقین کرنے کے باعث دست قاتل کے لیے اُن کی زبان سے بکمال خندہ پیشانی احسنت ولبیک کانعرہ بیساختہ نکل جاتاہے ۔وہ جمعیتہ علماء ہند کے سرگرم کارکن تھے، اُنہوں نے اس مجلس کے سالانہ اجلاس امروہہ کی صدارت اُس پُرآشوب زمانہ میں کی جبکہ ہندوستان کشمکش حریت و آمریت کی طوفان خیزیوں کے باعث ایک نہایت ہی خطرناک دور سے گذر رہا تھا اورجبکہ ملک میں عام داروگیر نے سخت اضطراب وہیجان پیداکررکھا تھا وہ اپنے عزائم میں پہاڑ کی طرح مضبوط تھے۔جرم حریت کوشی کی پاداش میں جیل خانہ بھی گئے لیکن علالت کے باوجود ان سب تکلیفوں کوہنسی خوشی برداشت کرگئے اوران کی جبین استقلال وہمت مایوسی وخوف کی ایک شکن سے بھی آشنا نہیں ہوئی۔ مسلمانوں میں جوقحط الرجال پایا جاتاہے، اُس کے پیش نظر مولانا ایسے جامع کمالات اورپیکر علم وعمل کاسانحۂ مرگ یقینا بہت زیادہ...
Nicotine acts on nearly every Physiological System of the human body. The effects of nicotine on the Peripheral nervous system have been extensively studied and are now quite well understood. The effects of nicotine on the central nervous system are more complex, and our understanding of these effects is limited. The Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamics of nicotine, with an emphasis on the Psychopharmacological basis of nicotine dependence. In South America, seeking for psychoactive effects of nicotine might be as old as the origin of horticulture, beginning some eight thousand years ago present Ritual tobacco was used in shamanism aimed to achieve acute nicotine intoxication, which induced in the shamans’ catatonic states representing symbolic death. The effect of large doses of nicotine on the autonomic and central nervous system gave the impression of a gradual death of the shaman, who then returned miraculously to life (Wilbert 1987). Regular, moderate use of nicotine alone or in combination is a well-known, widely established and loved practice of men and women both. Despite, health consequences of these pharmacological agents, people continue, quite persistently, to consume these substances and afford much value to the pleasure of a regular intake.
This thesis is devoted to the theoretical description of two component metamaterials as arrays of spherical inclusions. Metamaterials include both electric and magnetic phenomena. We study the long wave approximation for electromagnetic response of the generalized infinite chain and develop Effective Medium Theory for two types of two component composite metamaterials. One type is composed of a host dielectric material embedded periodically with spherical inclusions (iron/copper/cobalt/ferrites) and the other is a 2-D sandwich metamaterial structure in which the central material contains a chain of infinitely long metallic cylinders and the lateral slabs are embedded with spherical metallic inclusions. In this thesis the microwave frequency range 0 to 5 GHz has only been considered. The metamaterial media / structures are being considered in the thesis as artificial ferrites with their own effective complex dielectric and magnetic constants. So, the metamaterial media/ structures presented in the thesis are considered as perfect crystals with their own dispersive properties in the microwave frequency range. The lattice constant of the crystal is equal to the constant of the unit cell of metamaterial under consideration. The expressions for effective permeability tensors of the considered metamaterial medium have been obtained in microwave approximation. Using Effective Medium Theory (EMT) and Effective Medium Approximation we obtain expressions for effective saturation magnetization of the considered metamaterial medium. The effective magnetic properties for the case of the microwave propagation transverse to bias and in the direction of bias have also been obtained. Our polycrystalline metaferrites designed as metamaterial exhibited the Ultra-Low Refractive Index (ULI) phenomenon. In our thesis we have also performed an analytical modeling and numerical analysis of the effective electromagnetic response of the proposed metamaterial medium. The analytical modeling has been done using two different modified mathematical models of the complex relative permittivity and permeability for unbounded composite medium with spherical inclusions. Numerical simulations of the above mentioned parameters have been made using S‐parameters obtained from Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain technique. The numerical simulation has been carried out for different radii of the inclusions. Remarkable coincidence between analytical and numerical results is found. The enhancement in effective relative permittivity and refractive index of the considered composite has been observed. The generalization has been done by the approaches of S- and T-matrices. The analytically obtained results are compared with the numerically calculated ones. All of the numerical simulations presented in the thesis have been done with the help of the free Meep FDTD software package while analytical modeling has been carried out using MATLAB software. Recommendations for the practical application of presented artificial material for designing microwave patch antennas have also been discussed.