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نقاد کی خوبیاں اور ذمہ داریاں

موضوع2:نقاد کی خوبیاں اورذمہ داریاں
• اچھا نقاد وہ ہوتا ہے جس میں مندرجہ ذیل خوبیاں پائی جائیں۔
• اچھا نقاد فن پارے پر رائے دیتے ہوئے ہمیشہ سچائی سے کام لیتا ہے۔
• مبالغہ آرائی سے پرہیز کرتاہے • تعصب سے پاک ہو
• غیر جانب دارہو • ہٹ دھرم اور ضدی نا ہو
• مالی فائدے کے لیے نا لکھے۔
• اچھا نقاد محنتی ہوتا ہے اور جانفشانی سیکام کرتا ہے۔
• اچھا نقاد بے صبری اور عجلت کا مظاہرہ نہیں کرتا
• اختلاف کی جرات ہونی چاہیے۔
• ضعیف الاعتقاد نا ہو • اچھے حافظے کا مالک ہو
• نقاد کی رائے قطعی او ر حتمی ہوتی ہے۔
• مختلف زبانوں کا ما ہرہو
• مختلف اصطلاحات کے بارے میں آگاہی رکھتا ہو
• اس کا اسلوب عام فہم ہو اور تحریر سادہ ہو
• اچھا نقاد وہ ہے جس کا مزاج بھی تنقید والا ہو۔
• فن کی عمارت تنقید پر کھڑی ہوتی ہے۔
بقول ڈاکٹر محی الدین قادری:
" صحیح نقاد وہ ہے جو خوبیوں پر نظر رکھتا ہے اور معائب کو چھپاتا ہے"

الہامی مذاہب میں مشترکہ اخلاقیات کا تصور

The purpose of this paper is to guide about the main reason of clashes between revealed religions in the society. We do not clarify our vision regarding religion. People do not know about the basic ethics of our religions. So, it creates moral illness in the society. We have narrow approaches about religion and took it in very conservative thoughts. For getting out of extreme level of destruction and moral degradation it is necessary to build a universal society which consists of those social values which are common in all religions. People are inclined towards ills and far away from God that is why our society is a victim of destruction. These ills made them to go far away from God and religion. In the present era the situation is the same, people do not understand the religion properly. Only through this proper understanding, destruction, prejudice, extremism and cruelty can be removed from the society. All the religions have some common features as justice, honesty, courtesy, patience etc these features are the ethical as well as religious codes of a society and if all people follow these features an ideal society can be established. This study covers revealed religions all around the world.

Development of an Indigenous Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Malaria

INTRODUCTION Establishing highly sensitive, affordable diagnostic test covering all species of malaria is needed in countries like Pakistan that has significant prevalence of this disease. Conventional tests, like microscopy are widely used but it has certain performance related limitations. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for plasmodium have not achieved greater sensitivity than microscopy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods have shown lot of promise and these are replacing microscopy as gold standard. OBJECTIVES To establish a real time PCR for malaria diagnosis and to compare its accuracy with microscopy and an antigen based RDT. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING This cross sectional analytical study was conducted at Military Hospital and Armed forces Institute of Pathology Rawalpindi, Pakistan from January 2011 to December 2011. SUBJECTS The study included 300 clinically suspected patients of malaria. 3 METHODS Venous blood sample from each patient was tested for malarial parasite by microscopy and antigen detection assay (OptiMal). Parasite index was calculated. Plasmodium genus specific in house real time PCR, on all specimens was performed targeting small subunit rRNA gene. Diagnostic accuracy of three tests were compared and cost analysis done. RESULTS Out of 300 patients malaria parasite was detected in 110, 106 and 123 patients by microscopy, OptiMAL and PCR respectively. Real time PCR was 100% sensitive while microscopy and OptiMal had sensitivity of 89.4% and 86.2% respectively. All methods were 100% specific. The cost per test was 0.2, 2.75 and 3.30 US$ by microscopy, OptiMal and PCR respectively, excluding the once capital cost on PCR equipment. Conclusion: Real time PCR for diagnosis of malaria was successfully established. The technique is highly sensitive and affordable. It is recommended to be incorporated in the diagnostic algorithm for malaria in Pakistan. Key Words: Malaria, Microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).
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