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نواب اسمٰعیل خاں

نواب اسمٰعیل خاں مرحوم
یہ سطور زیر تحریر تھیں کہ نواب اسمٰعیل خاں مرحوم کی وفات کی خبر ملی، مرحوم ایک بڑے باپ نواب اسحق خاں کے لڑکے اور ایک نامور دادا نواب مصطفے خاں شیفتہ کے پوتے اور خود بھی بہت سے اوصاف سے متصف، قدیم تہذیب و شرافت کا نمونہ تھے، قومی و ملکی سیاست سے بھی ان کو دلچسپی تھی، چنانچہ خلافت کی تحریک کے زمانہ میں وہ کانگریس کے ساتھ اور ہندوستان کی جنگ آزادی میں عملاً شریک رہے، مگر اس زمانہ میں بھی ان میں بڑی دینی و ملی حمیت تھی، غالباً اسی بناء پر پاکستان کے قیام کی تحریک کے بعد مسلم لیگ میں شامل ہوگئے، وہ اس کے مقتدر رہنما اور فطرۃً نہایت سنجیدہ متین اور باوقار تھے، اس لئے ہر زمانہ میں ان کی روش معتدل رہی اور وہ جس جماعت میں بھی رہے ان کی حیثیت امتیازی رہی اور ان کا خاص وزن و وقار رہا، گو وہ لیگ کے لیڈر تھے، مگر ہندوستان کی تقسیم کے بعد انھوں نے پاکستان کی راہ نہیں لی، بلکہ ہندوستان ہی میں رہ کر یہاں مسلمانوں کے درد دکھ میں شریک رہے، کچھ دونوں تک مسلم یونیورسٹی کے وائس چانسلر بھی رہے تھے، ان کی موت سے ہماری قدیم تہذیب و شرافت کی ایک باوقار یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس خادم ملک و ملت کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے نوازے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جولائی ۱۹۵۸ء)

نواب محمد اسمٰعیل خاں مرحوم
( پروفیسر رشید احمد صدیقی)
نواب محمد اسمٰعیل خاں، نواب محمد اسحق خان کے بیٹے اور نواب مصطفےٰ خاں شیفتہ کے پوتے تھے، شیفتہ کو دیکھا نہیں، لیکن ان کی غیر معمولی ذہنی اور اخلاقی خوبیوں کا حال کتابوں میں پڑھا ہے، شیفتہ کی بڑائی میں کیا شک جب حالیؔ اس پر گواہی دیتے ہوں۔
نواب اسحق خاں...

واقعہ 11/9 کے پاکستانی معیشت پر اثرات اور اسلامی تعلیمات: تجزیاتی مطالعہ

After the Incident of 9/11 Pakistan decided to become the ally of America and play an important role in fighting terrorism on both domestic and global fronts. This war has destroyed the peace of Pakistan and has affected the Economy of Pakistan desperately. The decision of Pakistani government to fight the so called war on terror with America only to get the financial and political support of America was clearly against the teachings of Islam. However, Pakistan did receive financial benefits in this war. The important development in the wake of 9/11 is that Pakistan became the biggest beneficiary of US economic aid in the South Asian region. Despite the GDP growth, foreign aid, foreign investment, better record of foreign exchange reserve, worker remittances and debt rescheduling Pakistan’s economy did not show the desired results. The change in the Pakistan’s economy during this period is not sustainable in economic term. Due to the war on terror law and order situation has become worst. At present Pakistan is facing most unique, difficult and gruesome faces of terrorism. In this situation fiscal policy in Islamic perspective is prerequisite for the peace and economic development of Pakistan.

Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages and Their Potential to Control Bacterial Biofilm

Biofilms are complex structures consisting of bacterial colonies encased in a mucilaginous protective coating, and represent major virulence factors contributing to the chronicity of many microbial infections. Biofilms are estimated to be involved in more than 60% of nosocomial infections and associated with about 80% of all chronic infections. The aim of the current study was to isolate and characterize bacteriophages infecting biofilm-forming multi-drug resistant E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Shigella dysenteriae, and to study the potential of those bacteriophages to control bacterial planktonic cells and biofilms. Clinical bacterial strains were selected on the basis of their biofilm-forming ability. Five bacteriophages were isolated from sewage water samples and named MJ1, AZ1, MJ2, Z and WZ1, where MJ1 infects E. coli, AZ1 infects P. aeruginosa, MJ2 infects E. cloacae, Z infects K. pneumoniae, and WZ1 infects S. dysenteriae. All phages had a narrow host range (only few bacterial strains). Adsorption rates of all phages to their hosts were significantly enhanced in the presence of MgCl2 or CaCl2. Each phage was classified into a viral family based on electron microscopy analysis, and assayed for heat- and pH-stability, latent period, burst size per cell, protein composition by SDS-PAGE, nucleic acid composition by agarose gel electrophoresis, and range of DNA bands upon EcoR enzyme restriction digestion. Phages MJ1 and WZ1 were assigned to the family Myoviridae, and displayed stability between 37-65 °C, and pH 5-11, with 21 and 24 minutes latent periods, and burst sizes of 300 and 430 phages per cell, respectively. MJ1 had a genome size of approximately 32 kb, with eleven proteins (12-110 kDa), and produced 2 DNA bands of upon digestion, whereas WZ1 had a genome of ~38 kb, with twelve proteins (22-150 kDa), and produced 3 bands upon digestion. Phages AZ1 and Z were assigned to the family Siphoviridae, and displayed stability between 37-70 °C, and pH 3-11 (for AZ1) or pH 5-11 (for Z), with a 33 min and 24 min latent periods, and burst sizes of 326 and 320 phages per cell, respectively. AZ1 had a Abstract xix genome size of ~50 kb, with seventeen proteins (12-110 kDa), and produced 9 DNA bands upon digestion, whereas Z had a genome of ~36 kb, with six proteins (18-65 kDa), and produced 2 bands upon digestion. Phage MJ2 was classified in the family Podoviridae, and displayed stability at 37-65°C, and at pH 5-11, with a 21 min latent period and a burst size of 350 phages per cell. MJ2 had a genome size of ~40 kb, with eleven proteins (12-150 kDa), and produced 2 DNA bands of upon digestion. The isolated phages were checked for their lytic activity against suspensions of their host bacteria. Phages MJ1, MJ2, AZ1, Z and WZ1 significantly reduced log-phase growth of bacterial cultures, showing no resistance within 5 hrs, and were effective in reducing the biofilm biomass of their respective hosts after 48 hrs, with more than 2-fold, 3-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold and 1.5-fold reduction, respectively. The susceptibility of the hosts to lysis by the specific phages were compared in both planktonic form (stationary phase) and in biofilm phenotype. Bacteria in biofilms and stationary planktonic phase were killed at a lower rate than log-phase planktonic bacteria. Additionally, E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae biofilm-formation was induced on stainless steel plates for 48 hrs, and tested for lysis by their respective phages. Significant biofilm reduction, but no total eradication, was detected for both bacteria under these conditions. Interestingly, the log-phase growth of P. aeruginosa and the 48 h biofilm biomass (up to 6-fold reduction) were significantly reduced by treatment with phage cocktail (MJ1, KH-49, AZ1) as compared to treatment with the single phages. In conclusion our findings suggest that waste water is a good source for finding bacteriophages against newly emerging antibiotic resistant bacteria. Phages can be used to control bacteria both in planktonic form and in biofilms. Single phage species may not be able to completely eradicate bacterial biofilm, but our present findings suggest that phage cocktails offer greater potential in eradication of bacteria (both in suspension and biofilms), and such cocktails can be further used for elaborated phage therapy studies.
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