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ثناء اﷲ امرتسری

مولانا ثناء اﷲ امرتسری
۱۵؍ اگست ۴۷؁ھ کے بعد مشرقی پنجاب کے مسلمانوں پر جو قیامت گزری، اس کی تاریخ قیامت تک ناقابل فراموش رہے گی، مسلمانوں کے لئے یہ سانحہ کتنا حسرتناک ہے کہ اب امرتسر سے لے کر دلّی کے کناروں تک ساری مسجدیں بے چراغ خانقاہیں سونی، مدرسے بے نشان اور کتب خانے ویران ہوگئے، اسی حادثہ میں مولانا ابوالوفا ثناء اﷲ صاحب امرتسری کے صاحبزادہ عطاء اﷲ سنا ہے بحالت نماز شہید ہوئے، ان کا کتب خانہ لٹ گیا اور وہ خود مع خاندان بہ ہزار خرابی گوجرانوالہ پہنچے اور اب خبر آئی ہے کہ انہوں ۱۶؍ مارچ ۱۹۴۸؁ء کو بعارضۂ فالج وفات پائی، اِنَّا لِلّٰہِ وَ اِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْنَ۔
مولانا ہندوستان کے مشاہیر علماء میں تھے، فن مناظرہ کے امام تھے، خوش بیان مقرر تھے، متعدد تصانیف کے مصنف تھے، مذہباً اہلحدیث تھے اور اخبار اہلحدیث کے اڈیٹر تھے، قومی سیاسیات کی مجلسوں میں کبھی کبھی شریک ہوتے تھے۔
مرحوم سے مجھے نیاز اپنی طالب علمی ہی سے تھا، وہ سال میں ایک دو دفعہ ہندوستان کے مختلف شہروں میں آتے جاتے لکھنؤ آتے تھے اور دارالعلوم ندوہ میں تشریف لاکر احباب سے ملتے تھے، اسی سلسلہ میں مجھے بھی نیاز حاصل ہوا، ایک دفعہ کا واقعہ ہے کہ مرحوم مدرسہ میں تشریف لائے، میں درس میں تھا، ان کو آتا دیکھ کر ان کی طرف لپکا، مگر مرحوم نے میرے بجائے سبقت استاذی شمس العلماء مولانا حفیظ اﷲ صاحبؒ کی طرف کی اور حدیث کا یہ ٹکڑا پڑھا۔ کبِّرالکبُر یعنی بڑے کو بڑائی دو۔
مرحوم ندوہ کے رکن بھی اکثر رہے، بلکہ خود ان کے بقول ندوہ کانپور میں ان کی دستار بندی ہی کے جلسہ میں پیدا ہوا، مرحوم نے ابتدائی تعلیم کے بعد کچھ دنوں مدرسہ دیوبند میں پڑھا، پھر وہ کانپور آکر مدرسہ فیض عام میں داخل ہوئے...

IMPLEMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN KITAB TALIM AL-MUTA ALLIM DALAM PEMBENTUKAN AKHLAK SANTRI DI PONDOK PESANTREN ALKHAIRAAT MADINATUL ILMI DOLO

The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation or application of instructional books Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim the moral formation of students at boarding school Alkhairaat Madinatul Ilmi Dolo. The qualitative method is used as a method of approach in this study by using observation data collection, interviews, and documentation are analyzed by using the method of data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The research indicate is result of learning book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim  is one book that discusses the presentation on moral learning that must be owned by the students in their studies. Terpokus description on what attitudes must be done by the students in studying good relationship with the teacher (Kiai), with fellow students, as well as how it should be enacting the books (the book) he learned it. In other words, this book is a guideline or code of conduct that students succeed in their studies either in accordance with laid down by Islam. By studying the book Ta'li m al-Muta'allim such, the students should be able to practice and broadcast both inside and outside the boarding school / community. As for the implementation of Learning book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim  the moral formation of students at boarding school Alkhairaat Madinatul Ilmi Dolo is providing direct guidance of teaching through the book, namely by providing appropriate role models that are suggested or taught by the book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim. Therefore, application of the Book Ta‘lim al-Muta‘allim  between teachers and students in learning is usually not optimal, the influence of the factors of teachers, for example exemplary. So, it should be an important practice, not only wants his students to master learning the book but have a direct practice.

Morphological and Biochemical Adaptations of Local Cultivars of Barley Hordeum Vulgare L. under Drought

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ranks fifth among important crops worldwide having the annual production of 136 million metric tonnes. In comparison with other cereal crops, it is more tolerant to water shortage, cold environments and salinity and hence is a crop of marginal lands. Drought is an important factor limiting barley yield because about two third of the area of barley production in Pakistan is rainfed. The present study was focused to unravel the morphological and biochemical dynamics and processes underlying adaptation to drought in local genotypes of barley. After initial screening in hydroponics at early growth stage, the barley genotypes were grouped into drought sensitive and tolerant categories using Ward’s hierarchical clustering procedure. The drought sensitive group comprised of nine genotypes (004186, Jau-83, Sanober-96, 004222, Haider-93, 004325, 005130, Soorab-96 and Jau-87) while the tolerant group consisted of six genotypes (004223, 004360, Frontier -87, 004201, 017655 and 005137). Drought linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers also separated sensitive and tolerant genotypes into different groups in UPGMA clustering. Among the drought sensitive group, 004186 was found to be the most sensitive genotype and 004223 as the most tolerant one in the tolerant group. Dehydrins are the proteins who play an important role in plant adaptation to drought. Immunoblots were used to characterize dehydrins in local barley genotypes. The maximum dehydrin expression was found in the most drought tolerant genotype 004223 while the most sensitive genotype 004186 lack this expression. Further characterizations of barley genotypes were done in a pot experiment at tillering, booting and milking stages of development. The data recorded was analysed using CRD. The milking stage came out 18 to be the most responsive towards drought. Genetic diversity analysis was done using Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. The resultant dendrogram clustered barley cultivars and landraces into two separate groups. Global changes in protein profiles of the most sensitive (004186) and the most tolerant genotype (004223) were further investigated using proteomics technique. After the extraction of proteins from shoots, their separation was carried out by 2D-PAGE and staining was done with coomassie brilliant blue. Among the commom proteins between sensitive and tolerant genotypes in response to drought, the expression of Vacuolar Proton ATPase subunit E was increased while Photosystem I reaction centre II was decreased. Many of the proteins involved in photosynthesis and metabolism were decreased in the sensitive genotype under drought, however, they were increased in the tolerant genotype. Similarly, proteins related to energy, defense and transportation were also increased in the tolerant genotype only. To further investigate the response of three most drought tolerant genotypes (004223, 004360 and Frontier-87), a confirmatory experiment was conducted using proteomics approach. Among these genotypes, the twofold increase in the expression of Alpha SNAP and Methionine synthase alongwith Glycine decarboxylase indicated their crucial role in water stress tolerance. In conclusion, these target proteins involved in maintaining ion balance, chromatin protection and suppression of ROS came out to be the candidates for drought stress acclimation in barley genotypes.
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