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مولانا حافظ فضل رحمن ندوی

مولانا حافظ فضل الرحمن ندوی کیرانوی
علمائے ندوہ کی برادی میں یہ خبر بڑے افسوس کے ساتھ سنی جائے گی کہ ان کے سب سے پرانے رفیق اور دوست مولانا حافظ فضل رحمان صاحب ندوی امام و خطیب جامع مسجد خانقاہ مجددیہ سر ہند نے چند ماہ کی علالت کے بعد بمرض استسقاء بمقام مدرسۂ فرقانیہ لکھنؤ بتاریخ ۲؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۴۴؁ء بروز جمعہ ۷ بجکر ۴۳ منٹ شام کے وقت اس دنیائے فانی کو الوداع کہا، ان کی عمر غالباً ۶۵ برس کے اندر ہوگی، کیرانہ ضلع مظفر نگران کا اصلی وطن تھا، مگر بچپن سے وہ لکھنؤ آئے اور دارلعلوم ندوہ میں داخل ہوکر متوسطات تک کی تعلیم پائی اور فکر معاش سے مجبور ہوکر مدرسہ ہی میں صرف و نحو کی مدرسی کی خدمت قبول کرلی، وہ استاذنا جناب مولانا محمد فاروق صاحب چریا کوٹی مدرس اعلیٰ دارالعلوم کے محبوب شاگردوں میں تھے، صرف و نحو اور ریاضیات سے بڑی دلچسپی اور مہارت رکھتے تھے، انتظامی سلیقہ بھی اچھا تھا، جن لوگوں کو مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے زمانہ کے ندوہ اور الندوہ سے تعلق رہا ہے ان کو مکتب المعین کی بھی یاد ہوگی، مرحوم اس مکتبہ کے مہتمم اول تھے، لکھنؤ میں عربی کی مصری مطبوعات کی تجارت کا آغاز انہی نے کیا، اور اب موجودہ شبلی بک ڈپو اسی کی یادگار ہے۔
مرحوم نے عین جوانی میں انابت الی اﷲ کی توفیق پائی اور مدرسہ کی نوکری چھوڑ کر مولانا عین القضاۃ صاحب لکھنویؒ سے نقشبندی مجددی طریقہ میں بیعت کی اور انہی کے درسہ فرقانیہ میں مدرس بھی ہوگئے اور پھر انہی کے ہو رہے، انہی کے زمانہ میں حج سے بھی فراغت پائی ان کی وفات کے بعد لکھنؤ سے سر ہند جاکر خانفاہ مجددیہ کی جامع مسجد میں خطابت و امامت قبول کی آخر میں اس کا معاوضہ چھوڑ کر...

Arbitration: Legislation, Scope, and Functioning in Pakistani Legal System a Pragmatic Approach in Law and Sharī‘ah

This study investigates the case of arbitration in the modern states in general and in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in particular, as a self-binding, amicable mode of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). It starts with arbitration’s meaning, history and evolutional background and discusses them as preliminaries and entrance to the main topic. The study debates Pakistani legislation on the subject, with special focus on the Arbitration Act, 1940. It examines the functioning of arbitration in Pakistani legal system, detects the flaws and areas of improvement therein, and most significantly, suggests proposals for required amendments in the relevant laws. In this connection, the equivocal nature of ADR provisions in some statutes other than Arbitration Act, has been specially highlighted.  As per requirement of the Article 2(A) of the Constitution 1973, some inconsistencies of the laws on the subject with Sharī‘ah have also been traced. The issue of qualifications of arbitrators (hakams) has been detected as the main subject of inconsistency between law and Sharī‘ah, resulting in substantial and effective bearings. A similar inconsistency, comparatively with a lesser effect, has been noted in arbitration of family disputes regarding fixation of number of arbitrators and the hail from families of the disputing spouses. While investigating all these issues, an analytical-cum comparative strategy has been followed. The conclusion contains a concise brief on comparison between Sharī‘ah and law on the subject and a package of proposed amendments in the gray areas.

Applications of Compressed Sensing to Biomedical Imaging

The application of compressed sensing (CS) to biomedical imaging is exciting because it allows a reasonably accurate reconstruction of images from far fewer measurements. For biomedical imaging, CS can increase the imaging speed and consequently decrease the radiation dose. While the idea of CS has been used to reduce the acquisition time of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), x-ray computed tomography (CT) and microwave imaging (MWI), unfortunately the computation time of image recovery has increased as the nonlinear CS reconstruction algorithms are fairly slow. Reconstructing high-dimensional signals or biomedical images from compressively sampled data is a fundamental challenge faced by the CS. In this dissertation, we propose a suite of novel CS recovery methods that can efficiently recover the Fourier encoded biomedical images (MRI, parallel-beam CT and MWI) from a small set of randomized measurements. The initial part of the current work presents CS based reconstruction of sub-sampled biomedical imaging modalities using projection onto convex sets (POCS) and separable surrogate functional (SSF) methods. The iterative shrinkage based SSF algorithm incorporates the linear estimate of the error to improve the reconstruction quality. It does not involve any matrix inversion and is used to estimate the missing Fourier samples of the original image by applying data consistency in the frequency domain and soft thresholding in the sparsifying domain. The idea of using hybrid evolutionary techniques for the sparse signal recovery is presented next. It proposes how to combine the heuristic techniques such as Differential evolution (DE), genetic algorithms (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with v iterative shrinkage algorithms to faithfully reconstruct sparse signals from a small number of measurements. Based on the notion of GA, a modified POCS based algorithm is developed. This novel CS recovery technique uses two different estimates for the initialization and iteratively combines them to recover the original Fourier encoded image. In the last part, we use hyperbolic tangent function separately to develop a reconstruction algorithm and a non-linear shrinkage curve for thresholding. As the ?1-norm penalty is not differentiable, the proposed hyperbolic tangent based function is used to closely approximate the ?1-norm regularization by a differentiable surrogate function. Using the method of gradient descent, a simple update rule is developed. The algorithm is shown to perform well for one dimensional (1-D) sparse signal recovery as well as CS reconstruction of Fourier encoded biomedical imaging. The idea is further extended by using hyperbolic tangent based approximations for the soft-thresholding that provide flexibility in terms of its adjustable parameters. Besides using synthetic data, the effectiveness of the proposed techniques are also validated using the real data collected from the MRI and MWI scanners.
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