Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

برکتوں سے بھرا ہے سفر نعت کا

برکتوں سے بھرا ہے سفر نعت کا
رُوح پر ہو رہا ہے اثر نعت کا

لفظ آتا ہے تو اِذن ِ سرکارؐ سے
ایک اک لفظ ہے معتبر نعت کا

راہِ مضمون ِ تازہ کہاں بند ہے
تا قیامت کُھلا ہے یہ در نعت کا

دشتِ شعر و سخن کی کڑی دُھوپ میں
سایہ دیتا رہے گا شجر نعت کا

شاخِ معنی ہوئی بارور، آگیا
برگ و بار ثنا اور ثمر نعت کا

اِ س پہ ابلیس کا آنا جانا نہیں
راستہ ہے سدا بے خطر نعت کا

اکتساب اِس میں ذرّہ برابر نہیں
ہے سراسر عطا یہ ہنر نعت کا

حاضری ہو کبھی روضئہ پاک پر
لے کے دیوان یہ مختصر نعت کا

غربت کے خاتمے میں قرض حسنہ کا کردار

Poverty is a global issue, particularly, related to the developing countries. The whole world is taking measures to eradicate it. People have different types of talent to earn money. Some are skilled, some have good entrepreneurship ideas and some others are good at manual work. We find that a great number of such skilled people are suffering from lack of resources in Pakistan and therefore not properly able to exert their skills to their utmost. Pakistan, being a developing country, is suffering from the issue of poverty. Many efforts were made for the alleviation of poverty during various regimes. Pakistan People’s Party introduced the Benazir Income Support Program. The same program has been maintained by the present Muslim League (Nawaz) government, due to its so-called utility. However, the fact is that its utility is not promising, as the meager amount given to the needy ones consumes in the daily expenditures and produces no lasting good. Contrary to this thesis of alms-giving, an anti-thesis is provided by the tradition of the Holy Prophet, Muhammad (S. A. W), which emphasizes the provision of interest-free loan. The loan without interest, can enable a person to run his or her business, according to his or her capacity and the person can become independent. The present paper explores the prospects that how interest-free loan is more effective in removing poverty than alms-giving on a regular basis by the government.

Androgen Receptor Expression and Associated Clinico-Pathologic Features in Primary Breast Cancer from Kenya

Introduction: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous group of diseases classified into various subtypes according to clinical, histological and molecular features as well as by the expression of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. New biomarkers are being studied which may be therapeutic targets in various breast cancer subtypes particularly triple-negative breast cancer. Recent studies show that androgen receptor (AR) expression can be used as a prognostic marker and there is evidence that anti-androgen therapy may be beneficial in oestrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Retrospective studies show that patients with breast cancers co-expressing androgen receptor and oestrogen receptor have a favourable prognosis and improved survival. On the other hand, oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancers which express the androgen receptor in the presence of the human epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2) over-expression are associated with an unfavourable prognosis. In addition there may be regional or even racial differences in the expression of the AR in breast cancer. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine AR expression in breast cancers from Kenya and secondarily, to determine the association of AR expression with prognostic and predictive clinico-pathologic factors. Materials and Methods: The study was nested within a larger study based at AKUHN which is exploring the prevalence of triple-negative breast cancer in Kenya. Tissue blocks from 222 breast cancer specimens collected prospectively from September 2012 to March 2014 within the larger study were analysed for the presence of the androgen receptor. Tumour blocks were stained for AR on automated IHC platform. Nuclear staining of >10% was used as the cut-off for a positive AR stain. Clinical pathological features, including the ER/PR/HER2 status, were captured from data recorded in the larger study. Results: Of the total 222 cases of breast cancer analyzed for the androgen receptor, 78.8% were found to be positive for AR expression (confidence interval 72.86 – 84.01). A third of the triple-negative breast cancer cases (33%) and 94% of HER2 subtype breast cancer cases were positive for androgen receptor expression. Androgen receptor expression was significantly associated with estrogen receptor expression (p = 0.000001) and Her2 subtype of breast cancer (p = 0.04). Androgen receptor expression followed the age distribution of the sample population and tended to be inversely related to tumour grade. However these findings were not statistically significant. No association was found between androgen receptor expression, tumour stage, lymph node status or specimen type. Conclusions: The androgen receptor is expressed in 79% of
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.