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۔غزل

غزل ---عنبرین خان

بتاؤ کون کہتا ہے, محبت بس کہانی ہے
محبت کو خدارا تم ,کبھی بھی کھیل مت سمجھو
محبت پھول کی خوشبو, محبت  رنگ تتلی کا
محبت اک اشارہ ہے, وفا کا استعارہ ہے
زمیں والے! بتاؤ کس طرح سمجھیں محبت کو
محبت روشنی ہے, رنگ ہے, خوشبو ہے , نغمہ ہے
محبت ماؤں کا آنچل, محبت باپ کی شفقت
محبت ہے بہن کی اور ہے بھائی کی الفت بھی
محبت حق کا کلمہ ہے, محبت چاشنی من کی
محبت تو ازل سے ہے,محبت تا ابد ہوگی
فنا ہو جاۓ گی دنیا, فنا ہو جائیں گے ہم تم
محبت کا احاطہ اور کن الفاظ سے ہوگا

 

محبت تو صحیفہ ہے, محبت آسمانی ہے
محبت معجزہ ہے معجزوں کی ترجمانی ہے
محبت پربتوں کی جھیل کا شفاف پانی ہے
محبت اک ستارہ ہے, فلک کی بیکرانی ہے
محبت تو زمیں پر آسمانوں کی نشانی ہے
محبت اڑتا پنچھی ہے, محبت بہتا پانی ہے
محبت رب کی رحمت کا جہاں میں نقش ثانی ہے 
محبت کھیلتا بچہ ہے اور چڑھتی جوانی ہے
محبت روح کا مرہم, دلوں کی حکمرانی ہے
محبت تو ہے آفاقی,زمانی نہ مکانی ہے
محبت باقی رہ جاۓ گی,یہ تو جاودانی ہے
محبت تو محبت ہے,محبت زندگانی ہے

An Evaluation of the 2020 Change to the Saudi Emergency Residency Program Assessment

Background Several changes have been made to the assessment component of Saudi residency training programs. Among those is the implementation of three examinations over the course of the year. Aim We aimed to explore the emergency residents’ perspective on the change in the number of examinations, and the impact of such changes in terms of time management, knowledge gain, and social life. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out from September to October 2022, using an electronic survey targeting emergency board trainees. Results One hundred and nine emergency residents enrolled, of whom 64.2% were male. The majority, 45%, were from the central province. Junior-level residents (R1) represented 26.6% of the sample, while R2 (second year) comprised 18.3%, R3 (third year) comprised 38.5%, and 16.5% were senior (R4) level. More than half of the participants, 56 % (n=61), did not support the change from one to three examinations and believed that it had a negative influence on knowledge gain and clinical skills. The influence of the change on time management stands out as a negative impact, in addition to its impact on social life and annual leave arrangements. Conclusions The support for three examinations throughout the year was low; a contributing factor to this may be the sudden changes effected by those tests on training and time management. A re-evaluation of testing culture and involving residents in decision-making might generate acceptance.

Evaluation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Learning and Memory Using Mouse Model of Alzheimer’S Disease

Background: Aluminum (Al) is known to be associated with etiology of different neurodegenerative disorders especially of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is known to produce AD like symptoms. It is widely reported that Al affects muscarinic acetylcholine receptors but limited data is available for its effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The aim of this study was to determine that how Al affects hippocampus, amygdala and cortex dependent learning and memory functions and expression of nAChRs and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) genes. Effect of Al on cholinergic biomarkers i.e. free choline and acetylcholine (Ach) level were also investigated. Moreover acute effects of Al on nAChRs-mediated modulation of persistent gamma oscillations in hippocampus was also studied. Methods: In order to develop the AD mouse model, AlCl3.6H2O (250 mg/kg) was administered to mice in drinking water 42 days. After completion of Al treatment the learning and memory deficits were assessed via different behavior tests. nAChRs gene expression was determined via RT-PCR in cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to measure Al accumulation in brain. To determine how Al affects gamma oscillations, field potential recordings were performed in CA3 area of acute hippocampal slices. Results: The results of this study demonstrate that oral Al ingestion caused high accumulation of Al in brain leading to neuropathological changes that suppressed expression of nAChR genes and caused neurodegeneration. Longer in-vitro Al exposure caused permanent changes in hippocampal oscillogenic circuitry and changed its sensitivity to nAChR-modulation, leading to deficits in memory and learning in AD mouse model. Moreover in spite of normal free choline availability Abstract xix Ach synthesis was reduced as a result of oral Al exposure. The reduced Ach synthesis is caused by impaired recycling of Ach due to lower expression of ChAT gene. The reduced Ach level causes deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission which leads to memory and cognitive deficits. Moreover, hippocampus is the most affected brain part after Al intoxication. This study suggests that interference with cholinergic neurotransmission can be the underlying mechanism through which Al causes memory and learning deficits and contributes to neuropathological changes leading to AD.
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